
Matrix Computations

Main reference

GvL
Matrix computations 4th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press. Gene H. Golub and Charles F. Van Loan

Other references

Demmel
James Demmel, Applied Numerical Linear Algebra, 1997

Trefethen

Saad, Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems, 2nd edition, SIAM 2003

Lecture 30

We finished up on bipartite matrices, then did a brief tour of randomized algorithms (see the Julia code), then did a review for the final (see slides!)

Notes
Lecture 30
Final review
Julia
Randomized Matrix Methods (html) (jl) (ipynb)

Lecture 29

Algorithms for the SVD and Bipartite Matrices (really, matrices with Property A that are consistently ordered).

Notes
Lecture 29
Singular Value Algorithms (not complete)
Julia
Bipartite Matrices (html) (jl) (ipynb)

Lecture 28

The equivalence between QR and subspace iteration, tridiagonal reduction, and a brief introduction to sparse eigenvalue algorithms.

Notes
Lecture 28
Trefethen and Bau - Lecture 28
Julia
Tridiagonal Reduction (html) (jl) (ipynb)
Sparse Eigenvalues (html) (jl) (ipynb)

Lecture 27

We discussed the multi-grid preconditioner and then started back into eigenvalue algorithms. To learn about three things: deflation, the block power method and subspace iteration, full subspace iteration. The final thing we saw was the QR method for eigenvalues. In the next class, we'll explain how this is equivalent to subspace iteration and how it can be optimized. We focused on algorithms and intuition instead of proofs (which are in the book)

Notes
Eigenvalue Algorithms (not complete)
Lecture 27
Trefethen and Bau - Lecture 28
Julia
Eigenvalue Algorithms (html) (jl) (ipynb)

Lecture 26

We discussed the types and examples of preconditioners.

Notes
Lecture 26
Preconditioning A discussion
on types and examples of preconditioners.
GvL, 11.5
Tref Lecture 40

Lecture 25

This was an old lecture on how to implement GMRES efficiently and also CG via orthogonal polynomials.

At the moment, I can't post the video, so I'm just posting the reading notes. the most important are Efficient GMRES Notes, and the Julia file. Then the Orthogonal Polynomials file.

Efficient GMRES Notes
Orthogonal Polynomials A discussion
on orthogonal polynomials and how to derive CG via them!
Templates for the solution of linear systems
Tref Lecture 35
Julia
Efficient GMRES (html) (jl) (ipynb)
Orthogonal Polynomials (html) (jl) (ipynb)

Lecture 24

We finished our derivation of the efficient CG method based on updating the Cholesky factorization.

Notes
Lecture 24

Lecture 23

We saw that the Lanczos process follows from the Arnoldi process on a symmetric matrix. We also saw that the Arnoldi vectors span the Krylov subspace. Then we briefly introduced CG.

Notes
Lecture 23
Julia
Arnoldi and Lanczos (html) (jl) (ipynb)
A simple CG (html) (jl) (ipynb)

Lecture 22

We showed that the Krylov subspace must contain the solution if it stops growing. Then we also stated the Arnoldi process.

Notes
Lecture 22
Julia
Simple Krylov Subspaces are Ill-conditioned (html) (jl) (ipynb)
Krylov methods
Trefethen and Bau, Lecture 33, 35
GvL Algorithm 10.1.1

Lecture 21

We started working on Krylov methods after seeing some examples of matrix functions for graphs.

Notes
Lecture 21
Julia
Linear Discriminant Analysis (html) (jl) (ipynb)
Krylov methods
Trefethen and Bau, Lecture 35

Lecture 20

We discussed more advanced versions of some of the problems we saw in class. This includes sequences of linear systems, rank-1 updates, functions of a matrix, and generalized eigenvalues.

Notes
Lecture 20
Sherman-Morrison-Woodbury Formula
GvL 9.1 - Functions of a matrix
GvL 8.7 - Generalized eigenvalue decomposition
GvL 2.1.5 - Update formula

Lecture 19

We talked about cases where I've encountered floating point issues. In solving quadratic equations, in the Hurwitz Zeta function, and in the PageRank linear system. Then we dove into the outline for the proof that Gaussian elimiantion with partial pivoting is backwards stable.

Error analysis of LU
PageRank (in Analysis notes)
Notes
Lecture 19
Julia
Accurate PageRank versions (html) (jl) (ipynb)

Lecture 18

We investigated how computers store floating point numbers in the IEEE format.

This then led to an understanding of the guarantees they make about basis arithmetic operations. We used this to understand why some implementations of codes are better than others, which gives rise to the idea of a backwards stable algorithm.

Notes
Lecture 18
Julia
Floating Point systems (html) (jl) (ipynb)
Variance computations (html) (jl) (ipynb)
Tref Lecture 13, 14, 17
Golub and van Loan, sections 2.7, 3.1, 3.3.2
Numerical stability
Floating-point
Backwards Stability (in Analysis notes)

Lecture 17

We saw a lot today! The goal of the class was to establish kappa(A) as a fundamental quantity. This involved: 2. the SVD of a matrix exists. 4. ||A||_2 is orthogonally invariant. 5. ||A||_2 = sigma_max. This follows from orthogonal invariance. 6. ||A^{-1}||_2 = 1/sigma_min. This again follows from orthogonal invariance. 3. the SVD is the eigenvalue decomposition for sym. pos. def matrices. 7. ||A||_2, ||A||^{-1}_2 = lambda_max and 1/\lambda_min for sym. pos. def.

Then we showed that Richardson and Steepest Descent converge at rates that depend on kappa(A) the 2-norm condition number.

Notes
Lecture 17
GvL 2.4 (and other parts of Chapter 2)
GvL 11.3.2.

Lecture 16

The first piece of our discussion was about the conditioning of a problem. A problem's conditioning just tells us how sensitive the problem is to changes in the input. We wouldn't expect to accurately solve a problem that is highly sensitive to changes in the input on a computer. Each problem has a condition number, and there is a number that arises so frequently that we call it the condition number of a matrix. We first established what the condition number of a matrix is.

Notes
Lecture 16
Julia
The Hilbert Linear System (that Julia can't solve) (html) (jl) (ipynb)
Tref Lecture 13, 14, 17
Golub and van Loan, sections 2.7, 3.1, 3.3.2
Numerical stability
Condition number
Floating-point

Lecture 15

We went over Householder for QR, and then went through the second half of the class. Then we counted flops for the LU factorization code we had. (Beware, this count is not optimal)

Notes
Lecture 15
Julia
A linear system that Julia can't solve (html) (jl) (ipynb) Note that if you perturb this system by eps(1.0)*randn(60,60), then it can!
The Hilbert Linear System (that Julia can't solve) (html) (jl) (ipynb)
Analyzing matrix computations
GvL 3.2.8
Tref Lecture 20
Smoothed analysis of Gaussian elimination explains why Gaussian elimination is not always as bad in practice as we might expect from that example.
GvL 3.2
GvL 5.1, 5.2
Tref Lecture 10

Lecture 13

We saw how to derive the QR factorization of a matrix as what arises with Gram Schmidt. We also saw givens rotations for computing this.

Notes
Lecture 13
Julia
QR for Least Squares (html) (jl) (ipynb)
QR and Least Squares
Midterm Review
Trefethen and Bau, Lecture 8
Trefethen and Bau, Lecture 11
Golub and van Loan, section 5.5

Lecture 12

We saw pivoting in variable elimination to ensure that it always works and also how to do variable elimination for least squares.

Notes
Lecture 12
Julia
Pivoting in LU (html) (jl) (ipynb)
Elimination in Least Squares (html) (jl) (ipynb)
GvL 3.2, 3.4
GvL 4.2
Tref Lecture 20, 21
Golub and van Loan, section 5.1.8, 5.2.5, 5.3
Trefethen and Bau, Lecture 11

Lecture 11

We saw variable elimination and how it gives rise to the LU factorization of a matrix.

Notes
Lecture 11
Julia
Variable Elimination (html) (jl) (ipynb)
Elimination
GvL 3.2, 3.4
GvL 4.2
Tref Lecture 20, 21

Lecture 10

We saw that Gauss-Seidel is equivalent to Steepest Descent on symmetric matrices with unit diagonal and some intro material on eigenvalue algorithms.

Notes
Lecture 10
Gauss-Seidel and Jacobi
Eigenvalues and the Power Method
Golub and van Loan, section 7.3
Julia
Eigenvectors for Phase Retrieval (html) (jl) (ipynb)
Eigenvalue Algorithms (html) (jl) (ipynb)

Lecture 9

We saw the Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel iterations today.

Notes
Lecture 9
Gauss-Seidel and Jacobi
Golub and van Loan, section 10.1
Julia
Jacobi and Gauss Seidel (html) (jl) (ipynb)

Lecture 8

We finished our work on the steepest descent algorithm and moved into the coordinate descent algorithm.

Notes
Lecture 8
Steepest descent
Julia
Steepest descent and Ax=b (html) (jl) (ipynb)

Lecture 7

We did a bit on norms, then went back to study the quadratic function that will give us another way to solve linear systems.

Notes
Lecture 7
Aside on norms
GvL Section 2.3, 2.4
Tref Lecture 3, 4
Notes on how to prove that norms are equivalent by Steven Johnson
Julia
Quadratic equations and Ax=b (html) (jl) (ipynb)
Norms (not covered in class) (html) (jl) (ipynb)

Lecture 6

We saw a number of derivations of the same type of algorithm called Richardson's method. We also saw how to check the solution of a linear system of equations.

Notes
Lecture 6
Simple Matrix Algorithms
Julia
Richardon method (html) (jl) (ipynb)

Notes

Lecture 5

We saw CSC and CSR formats as well as the Neumann series method to build the "inverse" of a matrix (but you shouldn't do that), and the first stab at an algorithm to solve a linear system of equations!

Notes
Lecture 5
Sparse Matrix Operations
Simple Matrix Algorithms
Julia
Operations with sparse matrices in Julia (html) (jl) (ipynb)

Lecture 4

We looked at structure in matrices: Symmetric positive (semi) definite, Orthogonal, M-matrix, Triangular, Hessenberg.

Then we saw how you could model the game of Candyland as a matrix problem. We used this as an example to study how to actually use sparse matrix operations in Julia.

Notes
Lecture 4
Structure in matrices
Sparse Matrix Operations
Matrix structure (pdf)
Julia
Operations with sparse matrices in Julia (html) (jl) (ipynb)

Lecture 3

We looked at structure in matrices: Hankel, Toeplitz, Sparse.

Notes
Lecture 3
Structure in matrices
Matrix structure (pdf)
Julia
Examples of Matrices and Least Squares (html) (jl) (ipynb)
Direct methods for sparse linear systems (http://epubs.siam.org.ezproxy.lib.purdue.edu/doi/pdf/10.1137/1.9780898718881.ch2)
-- this is probably the best introduction to sparse matrix operations

Lecture 2

We started introducing our notation and discussed what a Matrix is, along with the three fundamental problems of linear algebra.

Notes
Lecture 2
What is a matrix
Course notation (pdf)
Matrix structure (pdf)
Matrices and linear algebra (pdf)
Julia
Examples of Matrices and Least Squares (html) (jl) (ipynb)

Lecture 1

We introduced the class and reviewed the syllabus.