| 1.1
| Growth Of Computer Networking 1
|
| 1.2
| Why Networking Seems Complex 2
|
| 1.3
| The Five Key Aspects Of Networking 2
|
|
| 1.3.1
| Network Applications And Network Programming 3
|
|
| 1.3.2
| Data Communications 3
|
|
| 1.3.3
| Packet Switching And Networking Technologies 4
|
|
| 1.3.4
| Internetworking With TCP\^/\^IP 5
|
|
| 1.3.5
| Additional Networking Concepts And Technologies 6
|
| 1.4
| Public And Private Parts Of The Internet 6
|
|
| 1.4.1
| Public Network 6
|
|
| 1.4.2
| Private Network 7
|
| 1.5
| Networks, Interoperability, And Standards 8
|
| 1.6
| Protocol Suites And Layering Models 9
|
| 1.7
| How Data Passes Through Layers 11
|
| 1.8
| Headers And Layers 12
|
| 1.9
| ISO And The OSI Seven Layer Reference Model 13
|
| 1.10
| Remainder Of The Text 14
|
| 1.11
| Summary 14
|
| Exercises 15
|
| 3.1
| Introduction 27
|
| 3.2
| Two Basic Internet Communication Paradigms 28
|
|
| 3.2.1
| Stream Transport In The Internet 28
|
|
| 3.2.2
| Message Transport In The Internet 29
|
| 3.3
| Connection-Oriented Communication 29
|
| 3.4
| The Client-Server Model Of Interaction 30
|
| 3.5
| Characteristics Of Clients And Servers 31
|
| 3.6
| Server Programs And Server-Class Computers 31
|
| 3.7
| Requests, Responses, And Direction Of Data Flow 32
|
| 3.8
| Multiple Clients And Multiple Servers 32
|
| 3.9
| Server Identification And Demultiplexing 33
|
| 3.10
| Concurrent Servers 34
|
| 3.11
| Circular Dependencies Among Servers 35
|
| 3.12
| Peer-To-Peer Interactions 35
|
| 3.13
| Network Programming And The Socket API 36
|
| 3.14
| Sockets, Descriptors, And Network I\^/\^O 36
|
| 3.15
| Parameters And The Socket API 37
|
| 3.16
| Socket Calls In A Client And Server 38
|
| 3.17
| Socket Functions Used By Both Client And Server 38
|
|
| 3.17.1
| The Socket Function 38
|
|
| 3.17.2
| The Send Function 39
|
|
| 3.17.3
| The Recv Function 39
|
|
| 3.17.4
| Read And Write With Sockets 39
|
|
| 3.17.5
| The Close Function 40
|
| 3.18
| The Connect Function Used Only By A Client 40
|
| 3.19
| Socket Functions Used Only By A Server 40
|
|
| 3.19.1
| The Bind Function 40
|
|
| 3.19.2
| The Listen Function 42
|
|
| 3.19.3
| The Accept Function 42
|
| 3.20
| Socket Functions Used With The Message Paradigm 43
|
|
| 3.20.1
| Sendto and Sendmsg Socket Functions 43
|
|
| 3.20.2
| Recvfrom And Recvmsg Functions 44
|
| 3.21
| Other Socket Functions 44
|
| 3.22
| Sockets, Threads, And Inheritance 45
|
| 3.23
| Summary 45
|
| Exercises 46
|
| 4.1
| Introduction 49
|
| 4.2
| Application-Layer Protocols 49
|
| 4.3
| Representation And Transfer 50
|
| 4.4
| Web Protocols 51
|
| 4.5
| Document Representation With HTML 52
|
| 4.6
| Uniform Resource Locators And Hyperlinks 54
|
| 4.7
| Web Document Transfer With HTTP 55
|
| 4.8
| Caching In Browsers 57
|
| 4.9
| Browser Architecture 59
|
| 4.10
| File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 59
|
| 4.11
| FTP Communication Paradigm 60
|
| 4.12
| Electronic Mail 63
|
| 4.13
| The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 64
|
| 4.14
| ISPs, Mail Servers, And Mail Access 66
|
| 4.15
| Mail Access Protocols (POP, IMAP) 67
|
| 4.16
| Email Representation Standards (RFC2822, MIME) 67
|
| 4.17
| Domain Name System (DNS) 69
|
| 4.18
| Domain Names That Begin With A Service Name 71
|
| 4.19
| The DNS Hierarchy And Server Model 72
|
| 4.20
| Name Resolution 72
|
| 4.21
| Caching In DNS Servers 74
|
| 4.22
| Types Of DNS Entries 75
|
| 4.23
| Aliases And CNAME Resource Records 76
|
| 4.24
| Abbreviations And The DNS 76
|
| 4.25
| Internationalized Domain Names 77
|
| 4.26
| Extensible Representations (XML) 78
|
| 4.27
| Summary 79
|
| Exercises 80
|
| 6.1
| Introduction 93
|
| 6.2
| Information Sources 93
|
| 6.3
| Analog And Digital Signals 94
|
| 6.4
| Periodic And Aperiodic Signals 94
|
| 6.5
| Sine Waves And Signal Characteristics 95
|
| 6.6
| Composite Signals 97
|
| 6.7
| The Importance Of Composite Signals And Sine Functions 97
|
| 6.8
| Time And Frequency Domain Representations 98
|
| 6.9
| Bandwidth Of An Analog Signal 99
|
| 6.10
| Digital Signals And Signal Levels 100
|
| 6.11
| Baud And Bits Per Second 101
|
| 6.12
| Converting A Digital Signal To Analog 102
|
| 6.13
| The Bandwidth Of A Digital Signal 103
|
| 6.14
| Synchronization And Agreement About Signals 103
|
| 6.15
| Line Coding 104
|
| 6.16
| Manchester Encoding Used In Computer Networks 106
|
| 6.17
| Converting An Analog Signal To Digital 107
|
| 6.18
| The Nyquist Theorem And Sampling Rate 108
|
| 6.19
| Nyquist Theorem And Telephone System Transmission 108
|
| 6.20
| Nonlinear Encoding 109
|
| 6.21
| Encoding And Data Compression 109
|
| 6.22
| Summary 110
|
| Exercises 111
|
| 7.1
| Introduction 113
|
| 7.2
| Guided And Unguided Transmission 113
|
| 7.3
| A Taxonomy By Forms Of Energy 114
|
| 7.4
| Background Radiation And Electrical Noise 115
|
| 7.5
| Twisted Pair Copper Wiring 115
|
| 7.6
| Shielding: Coaxial Cable And Shielded Twisted Pair 117
|
| 7.7
| Categories Of Twisted Pair Cable 118
|
| 7.8
| Media Using Light Energy And Optical Fibers 119
|
| 7.9
| Types Of Fiber And Light Transmission 120
|
| 7.10
| Optical Fiber Compared To Copper Wiring 121
|
| 7.11
| Infrared Communication Technologies 122
|
| 7.12
| Point-To-Point Laser Communication 122
|
| 7.13
| Electromagnetic (Radio) Communication 123
|
| 7.14
| Signal Propagation 124
|
| 7.15
| Types Of Satellites 125
|
| 7.16
| Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) Satellites 126
|
| 7.17
| GEO Coverage Of The Earth 127
|
| 7.18
| Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites And Clusters 128
|
| 7.19
| Tradeoffs Among Media Types 128
|
| 7.20
| Measuring Transmission Media 129
|
| 7.21
| The Effect Of Noise On Communication 129
|
| 7.22
| The Significance Of Channel Capacity 130
|
| 7.23
| Summary 131
|
| Exercises 132
|
| 8.1
| Introduction 135
|
| 8.2
| The Three Main Sources Of Transmission Errors 135
|
| 8.3
| Effect Of Transmission Errors On Data 136
|
| 8.4
| Two Strategies For Handling Channel Errors 137
|
| 8.5
| Block And Convolutional Error Codes 138
|
| 8.6
| An Example Block Error Code: Single Parity Checking 139
|
| 8.7
| The Mathematics Of Block Error Codes And (n,k) Notation 140
|
| 8.8
| Hamming Distance: A Measure Of A Code's Strength 140
|
| 8.9
| The Hamming Distance Among Strings In A Codebook 141
|
| 8.10
| The Tradeoff Between Error Detection And Overhead 142
|
| 8.11
| Error Correction With Row And Column (RAC) Parity 142
|
| 8.12
| The 16-Bit Checksum Used In The Internet 144
|
| 8.13
| Cyclic Redundancy Codes (CRCs) 145
|
| 8.14
| An Efficient Hardware Implementation Of CRC 148
|
| 8.15
| Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) Mechanisms 148
|
| 8.16
| Summary 149
|
| Exercises 150
|
| 9.1
| Introduction 153
|
| 9.2
| A Taxonomy Of Transmission Modes 153
|
| 9.3
| Parallel Transmission 154
|
| 9.4
| Serial Transmission 155
|
| 9.5
| Transmission Order: Bits And Bytes 156
|
| 9.6
| Timing Of Serial Transmission 156
|
| 9.7
| Asynchronous Transmission 157
|
| 9.8
| RS-232 Asynchronous Character Transmission 157
|
| 9.9
| Synchronous Transmission 158
|
| 9.10
| Bytes, Blocks, And Frames 159
|
| 9.11
| Isochronous Transmission 160
|
| 9.12
| Simplex, Half-Duplex, And Full-Duplex Transmission 160
|
| 9.13
| DCE And DTE Equipment 162
|
| 9.14
| Summary 162
|
| Exercises 163
|
| 10.1
| Introduction 165
|
| 10.2
| Carriers, Frequency, And Propagation 165
|
| 10.3
| Analog Modulation Schemes 166
|
| 10.4
| Amplitude Modulation 166
|
| 10.5
| Frequency Modulation 167
|
| 10.6
| Phase Shift Modulation 168
|
| 10.7
| Amplitude Modulation And Shannon's Theorem 168
|
| 10.8
| Modulation, Digital Input, And Shift Keying 168
|
| 10.9
| Phase Shift Keying 169
|
| 10.10
| Phase Shift And A Constellation Diagram 171
|
| 10.11
| Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 173
|
| 10.12
| Modem Hardware For Modulation And Demodulation 174
|
| 10.13
| Optical And Radio Frequency Modems 174
|
| 10.14
| Dialup Modems 175
|
| 10.15
| QAM Applied To Dialup 175
|
| 10.16
| V.32 And V.32bis Dialup Modems 176
|
| 10.17
| Summary 177
|
| Exercises 178
|
| 11.1
| Introduction 181
|
| 11.2
| The Concept Of Multiplexing 181
|
| 11.3
| The Basic Types Of Multiplexing 182
|
| 11.4
| Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 183
|
| 11.5
| Using A Range Of Frequencies Per Channel 185
|
| 11.6
| Hierarchical FDM 186
|
| 11.7
| Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) 187
|
| 11.8
| Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) 187
|
| 11.9
| Synchronous TDM 188
|
| 11.10
| Framing Used In The Telephone System Version Of TDM 189
|
| 11.11
| Hierarchical TDM 190
|
| 11.12
| The Problem With Synchronous TDM: Unfilled Slots 190
|
| 11.13
| Statistical TDM 191
|
| 11.14
| Inverse Multiplexing 192
|
| 11.15
| Code Division Multiplexing 193
|
| 11.16
| Summary 195
|
| Exercises 195
|
| 12.1
| Introduction 199
|
| 12.2
| Internet Access Technology: Upstream And Downstream 199
|
| 12.3
| Narrowband And Broadband Access Technologies 200
|
|
| 12.3.1
| Narrowband Technologies 201
|
|
| 12.3.2
| Broadband Technologies 201
|
| 12.4
| The Local Loop And ISDN 202
|
| 12.5
| Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Technologies 202
|
| 12.6
| Local Loop Characteristics And Adaptation 203
|
| 12.7
| The Data Rate Of ADSL 204
|
| 12.8
| ADSL Installation And Splitters 205
|
| 12.9
| Cable Modem Technologies 205
|
| 12.10
| The Data Rate Of Cable Modems 206
|
| 12.11
| Cable Modem Installation 206
|
| 12.12
| Hybrid Fiber Coax 207
|
| 12.13
| Access Technologies That Employ Optical Fiber 208
|
| 12.14
| Head-End And Tail-End Modem Terminology 208
|
| 12.15
| Wireless Access Technologies 209
|
| 12.16
| High-Capacity Connections At The Internet Core 209
|
| 12.17
| Circuit Termination, DSU\|/\|CSU, And NIU 210
|
| 12.18
| Telephone Standards For Digital Circuits 211
|
| 12.19
| DS Terminology And Data Rates 212
|
| 12.20
| Highest Capacity Circuits (STS Standards) 212
|
| 12.21
| Optical Carrier Standards 213
|
| 12.22
| The C Suffix 213
|
| 12.23
| Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) 214
|
| 12.24
| Summary 215
|
| Exercises 216
|
| 13.1
| Introduction 219
|
| 13.2
| Circuit Switching And Analog Communication 220
|
| 13.3
| Packet Switching 221
|
| 13.4
| Local And Wide Area Packet Networks 222
|
| 13.5
| Standards For Packet Format And Identification 223
|
| 13.6
| IEEE 802 Model And Standards 224
|
| 13.7
| Point-To-Point And Multi-Access Networks 225
|
| 13.8
| LAN Topologies 227
|
|
| 13.8.1
| Bus Topology 227
|
|
| 13.8.2
| Ring Topology 228
|
|
| 13.8.3
| Mesh Topology 228
|
|
| 13.8.4
| Star Topology 228
|
|
| 13.8.5
| The Reason For Multiple Topologies 228
|
| 13.9
| Packet Identification, Demultiplexing, MAC Addresses 229
|
| 13.10
| Unicast, Broadcast, And Multicast Addresses 230
|
| 13.11
| Broadcast, Multicast, And Efficient Multi-Point Delivery 231
|
| 13.12
| Frames And Framing 232
|
| 13.13
| Byte And Bit Stuffing 233
|
| 13.14
| Summary 234
|
| Exercises 235
|
| 15.1
| Introduction 253
|
| 15.2
| The Venerable Ethernet 253
|
| 15.3
| Ethernet Frame Format 254
|
| 15.4
| Ethernet Frame Type Field And Demultiplexing 254
|
| 15.5
| IEEE's Version Of Ethernet (802.3) 255
|
| 15.6
| LAN Connections And Network Interface Cards 256
|
| 15.7
| Ethernet Evolution And Thicknet Wiring 256
|
| 15.8
| Thinnet Ethernet Wiring 257
|
| 15.9
| Twisted Pair Ethernet Wiring And Hubs 258
|
| 15.10
| Physical And Logical Ethernet Topology 259
|
| 15.11
| Wiring In An Office Building 259
|
| 15.12
| Ethernet Data Rates And Cable Types 261
|
| 15.13
| Twisted Pair Connectors And Cables 261
|
| 15.14
| Summary 262
|
| Exercises 263
|
| 16.1
| Introduction 265
|
| 16.2
| A Taxonomy Of Wireless Networks 265
|
| 16.3
| Personal Area Networks (PANs) 266
|
| 16.4
| ISM Wireless Bands Used By LANs And PANs 267
|
| 16.5
| Wireless LAN Technologies And Wi-Fi 267
|
| 16.6
| Spread Spectrum Techniques 268
|
| 16.7
| Other Wireless LAN Standards 269
|
| 16.8
| Wireless LAN Architecture 270
|
| 16.9
| Overlap, Association, And 802.11 Frame Format 271
|
| 16.10
| Coordination Among Access Points 272
|
| 16.11
| Contention And Contention-Free Access 272
|
| 16.12
| Wireless MAN Technology And WiMax 274
|
| 16.13
| PAN Technologies And Standards 276
|
| 16.14
| Other Short-Distance Communication Technologies 277
|
| 16.15
| Wireless WAN Technologies 278
|
| 16.16
| Micro Cells 280
|
| 16.17
| Cell Clusters And Frequency Reuse 280
|
| 16.18
| Generations Of Cellular Technologies 282
|
| 16.19
| VSAT Satellite Technology 284
|
| 16.20
| GPS Satellites 285
|
| 16.21
| Software Defined Radio And The Future Of Wireless 286
|
| 16.22
| Summary 287
|
| Exercises 288
|
| 18.1
| Introduction 305
|
| 18.2
| Large Spans And Wide Area Networks 305
|
| 18.3
| Traditional WAN Architecture 306
|
| 18.4
| Forming A WAN 308
|
| 18.5
| Store And Forward Paradigm 309
|
| 18.6
| Addressing In A WAN 309
|
| 18.7
| Next-Hop Forwarding 310
|
| 18.8
| Source Independence 313
|
| 18.9
| Dynamic Routing Updates In A WAN 313
|
| 18.10
| Default Routes 314
|
| 18.11
| Forwarding Table Computation 315
|
| 18.12
| Distributed Route Computation 316
|
|
| 18.12.1
| Link-State Routing (LSR) 316
|
|
| 18.12.2
| Distance-Vector Routing (DVR) 318
|
| 18.13
| Shortest Paths And Weights 320
|
| 18.14
| Routing Problems 321
|
| 18.15
| Summary 322
|
| Exercises 323
|
| 19.1
| Introduction 325
|
| 19.2
| Connection And Access Technologies 325
|
|
| 19.2.1
| Synchronous Optical Network Or Digital Hierarchy (SONET/SDH) 326
|
|
| 19.2.2
| Optical Carrier (OC) Circuits 326
|
|
| 19.2.3
| Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) And Cable Modems 326
|
|
| 19.2.4
| Wi-Fi And WiMAX 326
|
|
| 19.2.5
| Very Small Aperture Satellite (VSAT) 327
|
|
| 19.2.6
| Power Line Communication (PLC) 327
|
| 19.3
| LAN Technologies 327
|
|
| 19.3.1
| Token Ring 327
|
|
| 19.3.2
| Fiber And Copper Distributed Data Interconnect (FDDI And CDDI) 327
|
|
| 19.3.3
| Ethernet 328
|
| 19.4
| WAN Technologies 328
|
|
| 19.4.1
| ARPANET 328
|
|
| 19.4.2
| X.25 328
|
|
| 19.4.3
| Frame Relay 329
|
|
| 19.4.4
| Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) 329
|
|
| 19.4.5
| Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 330
|
|
| 19.4.6
| Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) And Tunneling 330
|
|
| 19.4.7
| Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 331
|
|
| 19.4.8
| Voice And Video Over IP (VoIP): SIP And H.323 331
|
|
| 19.4.9
| Software Defined Networking (SDN) And OpenFlow 332
|
| 19.5
| Summary 332
|
| Exercises 332
|
| 20.1
| Introduction 335
|
| 20.2
| The Motivation For Internetworking 335
|
| 20.3
| The Concept Of Universal Service 336
|
| 20.4
| Universal Service In A Heterogeneous World 336
|
| 20.5
| Internetworking 337
|
| 20.6
| Physical Network Connection With Routers 337
|
| 20.7
| Internet Architecture 338
|
| 20.8
| Intranets And Internets 339
|
| 20.9
| Achieving Universal Service 339
|
| 20.10
| A Virtual Network 339
|
| 20.11
| Protocols For Internetworking 341
|
| 20.12
| Review Of TCP/IP Layering 341
|
| 20.13
| Host Computers, Routers, And Protocol Layers 342
|
| 20.14
| Summary 342
|
| Exercises 343
|
| 21.1
| Introduction 345
|
| 21.2
| The Move To IPv6 345
|
| 21.3
| The Hourglass Model And Difficulty Of Change 346
|
| 21.4
| Addresses For The Virtual Internet 346
|
| 21.5
| The IP Addressing Scheme 348
|
| 21.6
| The IP Address Hierarchy 348
|
| 21.7
| Original Classes Of IPv4 Addresses 349
|
| 21.8
| IPv4 Dotted Decimal Notation 350
|
| 21.9
| Authority For Addresses 351
|
| 21.10
| IPv4 Subnet And Classless Addressing 351
|
| 21.11
| Address Masks 353
|
| 21.12
| CIDR Notation Used With IPv4 354
|
| 21.13
| A CIDR Example 354
|
| 21.14
| CIDR Host Addresses 356
|
| 21.15
| Special IPv4 Addresses 357
|
|
| 21.15.1
| IPv4 Network Address 357
|
|
| 21.15.2
| IPv4 Directed Broadcast Address 357
|
|
| 21.15.3
| IPv4 Limited Broadcast Address 358
|
|
| 21.15.4
| IPv4's This Computer Address 358
|
|
| 21.15.5
| IPv4 Loopback Address 358
|
| 21.16
| Summary Of Special IPv4 Addresses 359
|
| 21.17
| IPv4 Berkeley Broadcast Address Form 359
|
| 21.18
| Routers And The IPv4 Addressing Principle 360
|
| 21.19
| Multihomed Hosts 361
|
| 21.20
| IPv6 Multihoming And Network Renumbering 361
|
| 21.21
| IPv6 Addressing 362
|
| 21.22
| IPv6 Colon Hexadecimal Notation 363
|
| 21.23
| Summary 364
|
| Exercises 365
|
| 22.1
| Introduction 369
|
| 22.2
| Connectionless Service 369
|
| 22.3
| Virtual Packets 370
|
| 22.4
| The IP Datagram 370
|
| 22.5
| The IPv4 Datagram Header Format 371
|
| 22.6
| The IPv6 Datagram Header Format 373
|
| 22.7
| IPv6 Base Header Format 373
|
| 22.8
| Forwarding An IP Datagram 375
|
| 22.9
| Network Prefix Extraction And Datagram Forwarding 376
|
| 22.10
| Longest Prefix Match 377
|
| 22.11
| Destination Address And Next-Hop Address 378
|
| 22.12
| Best-Effort Delivery 378
|
| 22.13
| IP Encapsulation 379
|
| 22.14
| Transmission Across An Internet 380
|
| 22.15
| MTU And Datagram Fragmentation 381
|
| 22.16
| Fragmentation Of An IPv6 Datagram 383
|
| 22.17
| Reassembly Of An IP Datagram From Fragments 384
|
| 22.18
| Collecting The Fragments Of A Datagram 385
|
| 22.19
| The Consequence Of Fragment Loss 386
|
| 22.20
| Fragmenting An IPv4 Fragment 386
|
| 22.21
| Summary 387
|
| Exercises 387
|
| 23.1
| Introduction 391
|
| 23.2
| Address Resolution 391
|
| 23.3
| An Example Of IPv4 Addresses 393
|
| 23.4
| The IPv4 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 393
|
| 23.5
| ARP Message Format 394
|
| 23.6
| ARP Encapsulation 395
|
| 23.7
| ARP Caching And Message Processing 396
|
| 23.8
| The Conceptual Address Boundary 398
|
| 23.9
| Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 399
|
| 23.10
| ICMP Message Format And Encapsulation 400
|
| 23.11
| IPv6 Address Binding With Neighbor Discovery 401
|
| 23.12
| Protocol Software, Parameters, And Configuration 401
|
| 23.13
| Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) 402
|
| 23.14
| DHCP Protocol Operation And Optimizations 403
|
| 23.15
| DHCP Message Format 404
|
| 23.16
| Indirect DHCP Server Access Through A Relay 405
|
| 23.17
| IPv6 Autoconfiguration 405
|
| 23.18
| Network Address Translation (NAT) 406
|
| 23.19
| NAT Operation And IPv4 Private Addresses 407
|
| 23.20
| Transport-Layer NAT (NAPT) 409
|
| 23.21
| NAT And Servers 410
|
| 23.22
| NAT Software And Systems For Use At Home 410
|
| 23.23
| Summary 411
|
| Exercises 412
|
| 25.1
| Introduction 425
|
| 25.2
| The Transmission Control Protocol 425
|
| 25.3
| The Service TCP Provides To Applications 426
|
| 25.4
| End-To-End Service And Virtual Connections 427
|
| 25.5
| Techniques That Transport Protocols Use 428
|
|
| 25.5.1
| Sequencing To Handle Duplicates And Out-Of-Order Delivery 428
|
|
| 25.5.2
| Retransmission To Handle Lost Packets 429
|
|
| 25.5.3
| Techniques To Avoid Replay 429
|
|
| 25.5.4
| Flow Control To Prevent Data Overrun 430
|
| 25.6
| Techniques To Avoid Congestion 432
|
| 25.7
| The Art Of Protocol Design 433
|
| 25.8
| Techniques Used In TCP To Handle Packet Loss 434
|
| 25.9
| Adaptive Retransmission 435
|
| 25.10
| Comparison Of Retransmission Times 436
|
| 25.11
| Buffers, Flow Control, And Windows 437
|
| 25.12
| TCP's Three-Way Handshake 438
|
| 25.13
| TCP Congestion Control 440
|
| 25.14
| Versions Of TCP Congestion Control 441
|
| 25.15
| Other Variations: SACK And ECN 441
|
| 25.16
| TCP Segment Format 442
|
| 25.17
| Summary 443
|
| Exercises 443
|
| 26.1
| Introduction 447
|
| 26.2
| Static Vs. Dynamic Routing 447
|
| 26.3
| Static Routing In Hosts And A Default Route 448
|
| 26.4
| Dynamic Routing And Routers 449
|
| 26.5
| Routing In The Global Internet 450
|
| 26.6
| Autonomous System Concept 451
|
| 26.7
| The Two Types Of Internet Routing Protocols 451
|
|
| 26.7.1
| Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) 451
|
|
| 26.7.2
| Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGPs) 452
|
|
| 26.7.3
| Illustration Of How IGPs And EGPs Are Used 452
|
|
| 26.7.4
| Optimal Routes, Routing Metrics, And IGPs 453
|
| 26.8
| Routes And Data Traffic 454
|
| 26.9
| The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) 454
|
| 26.10
| The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) 456
|
| 26.11
| RIP Packet Format 457
|
| 26.12
| The Open Shortest Path First Protocol (OSPF) 458
|
| 26.13
| An Example OSPF Graph 459
|
| 26.14
| OSPF Areas 459
|
| 26.15
| Intermediate System - Intermediate System (IS-IS) 460
|
| 26.16
| Multicast Routing 461
|
|
| 26.16.1
| IP Multicast Semantics 461
|
|
| 26.16.2
| IGMP 462
|
|
| 26.16.3
| Forwarding And Discovery Techniques 462
|
|
| 26.16.4
| Multicast Protocols 463
|
| 26.17
| Summary 465
|
| Exercises 465
|
| 27.1
| Introduction 469
|
| 27.2
| Measures Of Performance 469
|
| 27.3
| Latency Or Delay 470
|
| 27.4
| Capacity, Throughput, And Goodput 472
|
| 27.5
| Understanding Throughput And Delay 473
|
| 27.6
| Jitter 474
|
| 27.7
| The Relationship Between Delay And Throughput 475
|
|
| 27.7.1
| Utilization As An Estimate Of Delay 475
|
|
| 27.7.2
| Delay-Throughput Product 476
|
| 27.8
| Measuring Delay, Throughput, And Jitter 476
|
| 27.9
| Passive Measurement, Small Packets, And NetFlow 478
|
| 27.10
| Quality Of Service (QoS) 479
|
| 27.11
| Fine-Grain And Coarse-Grain QoS 480
|
|
| 27.11.1
| Fine-Grain QoS And Flows 480
|
|
| 27.11.2
| Coarse-Grain QoS And Classes Of Service 482
|
| 27.12
| Implementation Of QoS 482
|
| 27.13
| Internet QoS Technologies 484
|
| 27.14
| Summary 485
|
| Exercises 486
|
| 28.1
| Introduction 489
|
| 28.2
| Real-Time Data Transmission And Best-Effort Delivery 489
|
| 28.3
| Delayed Playback And Jitter Buffers 490
|
| 28.4
| Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) 491
|
| 28.5
| RTP Encapsulation 492
|
| 28.6
| IP Telephony 493
|
| 28.7
| Signaling And VoIP Signaling Standards 494
|
| 28.8
| Components Of An IP Telephone System 495
|
|
| 28.8.1
| SIP Terminology And Concepts 496
|
|
| 28.8.2
| H.323 Terminology And Concepts 497
|
|
| 28.8.3
| ISC Terminology And Concepts 497
|
| 28.9
| Summary Of Protocols And Layering 498
|
| 28.10
| H.323 Characteristics 499
|
| 28.11
| H.323 Layering 499
|
| 28.12
| SIP Characteristics And Methods 500
|
| 28.13
| An Example SIP Session 501
|
| 28.14
| Telephone Number Mapping And Routing 502
|
| 28.15
| Summary 503
|
| Exercises 503
|
| 29.1
| Introduction 507
|
| 29.2
| Criminal Exploits And Attacks 507
|
| 29.3
| Security Policy 511
|
| 29.4
| Responsibility And Control 512
|
| 29.5
| Security Technologies 513
|
| 29.6
| Hashing: An Integrity And Authentication Mechanism 513
|
| 29.7
| Access Control And Passwords 514
|
| 29.8
| Encryption: A Fundamental Security Technique 514
|
| 29.9
| Private Key Encryption 515
|
| 29.10
| Public Key Encryption 515
|
| 29.11
| Authentication With Digital Signatures 516
|
| 29.12
| Key Authorities And Digital Certificates 517
|
| 29.13
| Firewalls 519
|
| 29.14
| Firewall Implementation With A Packet Filter 520
|
| 29.15
| Intrusion Detection Systems 522
|
| 29.16
| Content Scanning And Deep Packet Inspection 522
|
| 29.17
| Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) 523
|
| 29.18
| The Use of VPN Technology For Telecommuting 525
|
| 29.19
| Packet Encryption Vs. Tunneling 526
|
| 29.20
| Security Technologies 528
|
| 29.21
| Summary 529
|
| Exercises 530
|
| 30.1
| Introduction 533
|
| 30.2
| Managing An Intranet 533
|
| 30.3
| FCAPS: The Industry Standard Model 534
|
| 30.4
| Example Network Elements 536
|
| 30.5
| Network Management Tools 536
|
| 30.6
| Network Management Applications 538
|
| 30.7
| Simple Network Management Protocol 539
|
| 30.8
| SNMP's Fetch-Store Paradigm 539
|
| 30.9
| The SNMP MIB And Object Names 540
|
| 30.10
| The Variety Of MIB Variables 541
|
| 30.11
| MIB Variables That Correspond To Arrays 541
|
| 30.12
| Summary 542
|
| Exercises 543
|
| 31.1
| Introduction 545
|
| 31.2
| Marketing Hype And Reality 545
|
| 31.3
| Motivation For A New Approach 546
|
|
| 31.3.1
| Generalization Of Element Management 546
|
|
| 31.3.2
| Moving From Proprietary To Open Standards 546
|
|
| 31.3.3
| Automation And Unification Of Configuration 547
|
|
| 31.3.4
| Change To Cross-Layer Control 547
|
|
| 31.3.5
| Accommodating Data Center Virtualization 547
|
| 31.4
| Conceptual Organization Of A Network Element 548
|
| 31.5
| Control Plane Modules And The Hardware Interface 549
|
| 31.6
| A New Paradigm: Software Defined Networking 550
|
| 31.7
| Unanswered Questions 551
|
| 31.8
| Shared Controllers And Network Connections 552
|
| 31.9
| SDN Communication 553
|
| 31.10
| OpenFlow: A Controller-To-Element Protocol 554
|
| 31.11
| Classification Engines In Switches 555
|
| 31.12
| TCAM And High-Speed Classification 556
|
| 31.13
| Classification Across Multiple Protocol Layers 557
|
| 31.14
| TCAM Size And The Need For Multiple Patterns 557
|
| 31.15
| Items OpenFlow Can Specify 558
|
| 31.16
| Traditional And Extended IP Forwarding 559
|
| 31.17
| End-To-End Path With MPLS Using Layer 2 560
|
| 31.18
| Dynamic Rule Creation And Control Of Flows 561
|
| 31.19
| A Pipeline Model For Flow Tables 562
|
| 31.20
| SDN's Potential Effect On Network Vendors 563
|
| 31.21
| Summary 564
|
| Exercises 564
|
| 32.1
| Introduction 567
|
| 32.2
| Embedded Systems 567
|
|
| 32.2.1
| Embedded Systems In The Smart Grid 568
|
|
| 32.2.2
| Embedded Online Security Systems 568
|
|
| 32.2.3
| Embedded Systems In Retail 568
|
| 32.3
| Choosing A Network Technology 569
|
| 32.4
| Energy Harvesting 570
|
| 32.5
| Low Power Wireless Communication 570
|
| 32.6
| Mesh Topology 571
|
| 32.7
| The ZigBee Alliance 571
|
| 32.8
| 802.15.4 Radios And Wireless Mesh Networks 572
|
| 32.9
| Internet Connectivity And Mesh Routing 573
|
| 32.10
| IPv6 In A ZigBee Mesh Network 574
|
| 32.11
| The ZigBee Forwarding Paradigm 575
|
| 32.12
| Other Protocols In the ZigBee Stack 576
|
| 32.13
| Summary 577
|
| Exercises 577
|
| 33.1
| Introduction 579
|
| 33.2
| The Need For Scalable Internet Services 579
|
| 33.3
| Content Caching (Akamai) 580
|
| 33.4
| Web Load Balancers 580
|
| 33.5
| Server Virtualization 581
|
| 33.6
| Peer-To-Peer Communication 581
|
| 33.7
| Distributed Data Centers And Replication 582
|
| 33.8
| Universal Representation (XML) 582
|
| 33.9
| Social Networking 583
|
| 33.10
| Mobility And Wireless Networking 583
|
| 33.11
| Digital Video 583
|
| 33.12
| Higher-Speed Access And Switching 584
|
| 33.13
| Cloud Computing 584
|
| 33.14
| Overlay Networks 584
|
| 33.15
| Middleware 586
|
| 33.16
| Widespread Deployment Of IPv6 586
|
| 33.17
| Summary 587
|
| Exercises 587
|