cnai contents

Table of Contents For

The Internet Book

5th Edition

Preface xxiii

Chapter 1 The Internet Is Everywhere 3

1.1	Basic Facts Do Not Tell The Story 5
1.2	Imagine Life Without The Internet 5
1.3	Why You Should Understand Internet Technology 6
1.4	Learning About The Internet 6
1.5	Understanding The Big Picture 7
1.6	Terminology And Technology 7
1.7	Growth And Adaptability 8
1.8	The Impact Of The Internet 8
1.9	Organization Of The Book 8
1.10	A Personal Note 9

PART I Before The Internet 11

Chapter 2 Telephones Everywhere 15

2.1	Introduction 15
2.2	A Communication Service 15
2.3	Selling Communication 15
2.4	Limited Access 16
2.5	High Cost 17
2.6	The Difficult Transition 17
2.7	Ubiquitous Access 18
2.8	Relevance To The Internet 19
2.9	Summary 19

Chapter 3 The World Was Once Analog 23

3.1	Introduction 23
3.2	Sound, Vibrations, And Analog Recording 23
3.3	Analog Electronic Devices 24
3.4	Many Electronic Devices Are Analog 25
3.5	The First Analog Communication 25
3.6	Sending An Analog Signal Across A Wire 26
3.7	Analog Is Simple But Inaccurate 27
3.8	A Definition Of Digital 27
3.9	Digital Music 28
3.10	Recording Sound As Numbers 28
3.11	Converting Between Analog And Digital Forms 31
3.12	Why Did Digital Music Take Over? 32
3.13	Summary 33

Chapter 4 The Past And Present Digital Network 37

4.1	Introduction 37
4.2	The World Was Previously Digital 37
4.3	A Telegraph Was Digital 38
4.4	Morse Code 38
4.5	Letters And Digits In Morse Code 39
4.6	Telegraph Users Did Not Encounter Morse Code 40
4.7	Virtually Instant Communication 40
4.8	Speed Is Relative 40
4.9	The Telephone Eventually Became Digital 41
4.10	Relevance To The Internet 41
4.11	Binary Encoding Of Data On The Internet 42
4.12	Why Use Two Symbols? 42
4.13	Summary 42

Chapter 5 Basic Communication 45

5.1	Introduction 45
5.2	Communication Using Electricity 45
5.3	Sending Signals 46
5.4	Using Signals To Send Information 46
5.5	Modem: A Modulator And A Demodulator Combined 47
5.6	How Modems Allow Two-Way Traffic 48
5.7	A Character Code For Digital Information 48
5.8	Bits And Bytes 50
5.9	Detecting Errors 50
5.10	Summary 51
	Exercises 52

Chapter 6 Local Area Networks 55

6.1	Introduction 55
6.2	The Digital Revolution 55
6.3	The Move To Multiple Computers 56
6.4	Removable Media And Manual Transfer 56
6.5	Early Computers Used Circuit Boards 57
6.6	LANs 58
6.7	The LAN Approach 58
6.8	LAN Hardware 59
6.9	Wireless LAN (WLAN) Connections 60
6.10	Wired And Wireless LAN Technologies 60
6.11	Wireless PAN Technology 61
6.12	Connecting A Device To An Ethernet 61
6.13	Connecting A Device To A Wi-Fi Network 62
6.14	Wi-Fi Security 63
6.15	The Importance Of LAN Technology 63
6.16	Relationship To The Internet 64
	Exercises 64

PART II A Brief History Of The Internet 65

Chapter 7 Internet: Motivation And Beginnings 69

7.1	A Proliferation Of LANs 69
7.2	No Technology Solves All Problems 70
7.3	Wide Area Network Technologies 70
7.4	Can We Build A Global WAN? 71
7.5	U.S. Department Of Defense Networking Research 72
7.6	Experimental Research 72
7.7	The Internet Emerges 72
7.8	The ARPANET Backbone 73
7.9	Internet Software 73
7.10	The Name Is TCP\^/\^IP 74
7.11	The Surprising Choice Of Open Standards 74
7.12	Open Communication Systems Win 75
7.13	Placing Internet Technical Documentation Online 75
7.14	The U.S. Military Adopted TCP\^/\^IP 76
7.15	Summary 77
	Exercises 77

Chapter 8 The Incredible Growth 81

8.1	Introduction 81
8.2	Stimulating Adoption 81
8.3	Meanwhile, Back In Computer Science 82
8.4	The Internet Meets Unix 82
8.5	The U.S. Military Makes A Commitment 83
8.6	The Internet Doubled In Size In One Year 83
8.7	Internet For Every Computer Science Department 84
8.8	Graduate Student Volunteers Contribute 85
8.9	Internet Governance: The IAB And IETF 85
8.10	NSF Led Internet Expansion 86
8.11	NSF Target: All Of Science And Engineering 87
8.12	The NSFNET Backbone 87
8.13	On To The ANS Backbone 88
8.14	Commercialization 89
8.15	Exponential Growth 89
8.16	When Will Growth End? 91
	Exercises 91

PART III Inside The Internet 93

Chapter 9 Packet Switching 97

9.1	Introduction 97
9.2	Sharing To Reduce Cost 97
9.3	Sharing By Taking Turns 98
9.4	Avoiding Long Delays 98
9.5	Long Messages And Short Packets 99
9.6	Each Packet Contains Extra Information 99
9.7	Devices Have Addresses 100
9.8	Packet Size 100
9.9	To Humans, Packet Transmission Seems Instantaneous 101
9.10	Sharing Occurs On Demand 101
9.11	Relevance To The Internet 102
9.12	Summary 102
	Exercises 102

Chapter 10 Internet: A Network Of Networks 107

10.1	Introduction 107
10.2	Building A Global Network 107
10.3	Two Fundamental Concepts 108
10.4	Using A Specialized Computer To Interconnect Networks 109
10.5	Internet Terminology: Routers And Hosts 110
10.6	Building A Large Virtual Network 111
10.7	The Internet Includes Multiple Types Of Networks 113
10.8	Ownership, ISPs, And Transit Traffic 113
10.9	A Hierarchy Of ISPs 114
10.10	Peering Arrangements At The Center Of The Internet 115
10.11	An Example Trip Through The Internet 116
10.12	The Internet Approach Revolutionized Networking 116
10.13	Summary 117

Chapter 11 Internet Access Using Broadband And Wireless 121

11.1	Introduction 121
11.2	Access Technologies For The Last Mile 121
11.3	Dial-up Internet Access 122
11.4	Narrowband And Broadband Access 122
11.5	Leased Data Circuit Access 123
11.6	Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Access 123
11.7	Cable Modem Access 124
11.8	Wireless Access Technologies 125
11.9	Cellular Wireless Access (4G and 5G) 126
	11.9.1	Mobile Cellular Modems (4G or 5G) 127
	11.9.2	Fixed Cellular Modems 128
11.10	Summary 128
	Exercises 128

Chapter 12 Internet Performance 131

12.1	Introduction 131
12.2	Network Speed 131
12.3	What Does Speed Mean? 132
12.4	Brick Delivery 132
12.5	Transfers Across The Internet 134
12.6	Connecting Heterogeneous Networks 135
12.7	The Effect Of Sharing 137
12.8	Delays In The Internet 139
12.9	Should You Pay for Higher Speed Internet? 140
12.10	Summary 141
	Exercises 141

Chapter 13 IP: Software To Create A Virtual Network 145

13.1	Introduction 145
13.2	Protocol: An Agreement For Communication 145
13.3	Basic Functionality: The Internet Protocol 146
13.4	Packets Arrive Unchanged 146
13.5	Internet Software On Your Device 147
13.6	Internet Packets Are Called Datagrams 147
13.7	Providing The Illusion Of A Giant Network 147
13.8	The Internet's Internal Structure 148
13.9	Datagrams Travel Inside Network Packets 149
13.10	Internet Addresses 150
13.11	IPv4 And IPv6 150
13.12	Permanent And Temporary IP Addresses 151
13.13	Summary 152
	Exercises 152

Chapter 14 TCP: Software For Reliable Communication 155

14.1	Introduction 155
14.2	A Packet Switching System Can Be Overrun 155
14.3	Software To Handle Congestion And Datagram Loss 156
14.4	The Magic Of Recovering Lost Datagrams 156
14.5	TCP's Sophisticated Retransmission Algorithm 157
14.6	Handling Congestion 158
14.7	TCP And IP Work Together 159
14.8	Summary 159

Chapter 15 Clients, Servers, And Internet Services 163

15.1	Introduction 163
15.2	All Services Are Outside The Internet 163
15.3	Software Provides All Services 164
15.4	Services Use Client And Server Apps 165
15.5	A Server Must Always Run 165
15.6	Multiple Clients Can Access A Server Simultaneously 166
15.7	Ambiguous Terminology 167
15.8	Summary 167

Chapter 16 Names For Computers 171

16.1	Introduction 171
16.2	Computer Names 171
16.3	Computer Names Past And Present 172
16.4	A Computer's Name Must Be Unique 173
16.5	Using Suffixes To Make Each Name Unique 173
16.6	Domain Names With More Than Three Labels 174
16.7	Top-Level Domains Before And After ICANN 174
16.8	Domain Names Outside The US 175
16.9	Translating A Name To An IP Address 176
16.10	Many Domain Name Servers 176
16.11	Looking Up A Domain Name 177
16.12	A Personal Story About A DNS Problem 178
16.13	Summary 178
	Exercises 178

Chapter 17 Sharing An Internet Connection (NAT) 181

17.1	Introduction 181
17.2	Multiple Devices Sharing A Single IP Address 181
17.3	Wireless Routers And NAT 182
17.4	How A Wireless Router Works 182
17.5	Datagram Modification 183
17.6	Your Device Can Act Like A Wireless Router 184
17.7	You Probably Use NAT Every Day 184
17.8	Why Internet Size Is Difficult To Estimate 185
17.9	Summary 185

Chapter 18 Why The Internet Works Well 189

18.1	Introduction 189
18.2	The Internet Works Extremely Well 189
18.3	Flexibility To Accommodate Arbitrary Networks 190
18.4	Flexibility To Accommodate New Apps Quickly 190
18.5	The Advantage Of Being Open And Vendor Independent 191
18.6	An Extremely Efficient Design 191
18.7	Packet Switching Is A Fundamentally Better Idea 192
18.8	Can The Success Be Replicated? 192
18.9	Summary 194

PART IV Internet Services 195

Chapter 19 Electronic Mail 199

19.1	Introduction 199
19.2	Functionality And Significance 199
19.3	Mailboxes And Email Addresses 200
19.4	Sending An Email Message Directly 200
19.5	Personal Computers And Email Providers 200
19.6	An Example Email Exchange 201
19.7	Email Delays And Retry Attempts 202
19.8	Providers, Fees, And Access 202
19.9	Mailing Lists 203
19.10	Undisclosed Recipients 203
19.11	Summary 204
	Exercises 204

Chapter 20 The World Wide Web: Browsers And Basics 207

20.1	Introduction 207
20.2	Browsers And Web Servers 207
20.3	URLs And Their Meaning 208
20.4	Web Pages With Links To Other Pages 208
20.5	Linking Across Web Servers 209
20.6	Hypermedia 210
20.7	A Page With Multimedia Items 211
20.8	Fetching A Page That Contains Multiple Items 212
20.9	Inside A Browser 212
20.10	Plugins And Other Add-on Software Modules 213
20.11	Historical Notes 214
20.12	Summary 214

Chapter 21 The World Wide Web: HTML And Web Pages 217

21.1	Introduction 217
21.2	Accommodating Display Hardware 217
21.3	HTML, A Language Used For Web Documents 218
21.4	Specifying Formatting Guidelines 219
21.5	A Link Embedded In A Web Page 220
21.6	An Image On A Web Page 221
21.7	Point-And-Click Web Page Design 223
21.8	Summary 224
	Exercises 224

Chapter 22 The World Wide Web: Web Pages That Change 227

22.1	Introduction 227
22.2	Conventional Web Pages And Static Content 227
22.3	How A Browser Accesses A Static Web Page 228
22.4	Accessing A Page That Has Changeable Content 229
22.5	Frames Within A Browser Window 230
22.6	Advertising And Frames 231
22.7	Personalized Web Pages And Dynamic Content 231
22.8	Pop-Ups And Pop-Up Blockers 232
22.9	User Interaction With Forms 232
22.10	Shopping Carts And Cookies 233
22.11	Should You Accept Cookies? 234
22.12	Animated Web Pages 234
22.13	Animation With A Browser Script 235
22.14	Java, JavaScript, And HTML5 236
22.15	Summary 237
	Exercises 237

Chapter 23 Social Networking And Personal Publishing 241

23.1	Introduction 241
23.2	The Publish-Subscribe Paradigm Changes 241
23.3	The Rise Of Internet Publishing Services 242
23.4	Discussion Forums And Bulletin Boards 242
23.5	Moderated Discussions And Editorial Control 242
23.6	Essays And Personal Opinions (Blogs) 243
23.7	Cooperative Publishing (Wikis) 243
23.8	Personal Web Pages And Social Networking Sites 244
23.9	Summary 244

Chapter 24 The Internet Of Things (IoT) 247

24.1	Introduction 247
24.2	Connected Devices Without Human Operators 247
24.3	Sensors 248
24.4	Actuators 248
24.5	Embedded Computer Systems 249
24.6	The Internet Of Things 249
24.7	Gadgets And Wireless Network Connections 250
24.8	Centralized And Mesh IoT Networks In A Home 250
24.9	A Wireless IoT Mesh In A Home 251
24.10	Smart Homes, Buildings, And Factories 252
24.11	Civil And Power Infrastructure: Bridges And Grids 253
24.12	Summary 253
	Exercises 254

Chapter 25 Internet Search (Search Engines) 257

25.1	Introduction 257
25.2	Databases And Structured Information 257
25.3	Classification Of Information 258
25.4	Searching Unstructured Web Pages 259
25.5	A Demonstration Of Keyword Search 260
25.6	Indexing: How An Internet Search Engine Operates 260
25.7	Personalized Search Results 262
25.8	Indexing The Entire Web 263
25.9	Advertising Pays For Searching 263
25.10	Summary 264
	Exercises 264

Chapter 26 Voice And Video Communication (VoIP) 267

26.1	Introduction 267
26.2	Real-Time Information 267
26.3	The Two Types Of Real-Time Transfer 268
26.4	Streaming Real-Time Data Over The Internet 268
26.5	Real-Time Streams, Packets, And Jitter 269
26.6	A Playback Buffer 270
26.7	Accommodating Low Throughput 271
26.8	The User's View Of A Playback Buffer 271
26.9	The Effect Of Pausing Playback 273
26.10	The Effect Of Network Congestion 273
26.11	How To Overcome A Start-Stop Cycle 274
26.12	Teleconferencing Services 275
26.13	Using Internet Technology For Telephone Service 276
26.14	VoIP Telephones 276
26.15	Summary 276

Chapter 27 File Transfer And Data Sharing 279

27.1	Introduction 279
27.2	File Transfer 279
27.3	An Example File Transfer 280
27.4	An Example URL For Folder Contents 281
27.5	How FTP Works 282
27.6	File Transfer For An Average User 282
27.7	Exchanging Information Without Running A Server 283
27.8	Transfer Vs. Collaborative Work 284
27.9	Peer-To-Peer File Sharing 284
27.10	Summary 285
	Exercises 285

Chapter 28 Remote Desktop 289

28.1	Introduction 289
28.2	Remote Login 289
28.3	Remote Access With Modern Graphical Devices 290
28.4	How Remote Desktop Works 291
28.5	Remote Desktop Software 292
28.6	Assessment Of Remote Login And Remote Desktop 292
28.7	Unexpected Results From Remote Access 293
28.8	Summary 294

Chapter 29 Cloud Services And Cloud Computing 297

29.1	Introduction 297
29.2	A Brief History Of Computing 297
29.3	Maintaining Computers 299
29.4	Data Inconsistencies 299
29.5	Data Synchronization With A Direct Connection 299
29.6	Selecting Data Items For Synchronization 300
29.7	Synchronization Problems And Internet Synchronization 300
29.8	Cloud Terminology 303
29.9	Types Of Cloud Services 303
29.10	Cloud Applications And The Internet of Things 304
29.11	Generalized Cloud Computing 305
29.12	Cloud Computing From A Company's Perspective 306
29.13	Public, Private, And Hybrid Cloud 307
29.14	Cloud Data Centers And Racks Of Computers 307
29.15	Generalized Cloud Computing For An Individual 308
29.16	The Disadvantage Of Using The Cloud 309
29.17	Virtualization Technology Used For Cloud Computing 310
29.18	Summary 310
	Exercises 311

PART V Other Aspects Of Internet Technology 313

Chapter 30 Network Security (Encryption And Firewalls) 317

30.1	Introduction 317
30.2	Cybercrime And Cyber Security 317
30.3	The Unsecure Internet 318
30.4	Keeping Conversations Confidential 319
30.5	Computer Encryption And Mathematics 319
30.6	Confidential Web Browsing 320
30.7	No Network Is Absolutely Secure 321
30.8	Encryption Keys 321
30.9	Two Keys Means Never Having To Trust Anyone 322
30.10	Authentication: User IDs And Passwords 324
30.11	Two-Factor Authentication 324
30.12	Using Encryption For Authentication 325
30.13	Wireless Network Security 325
30.14	Network Firewall: Protection From Unwanted Packets 326
30.15	Packet Filtering In A Firewall 327
30.16	Trojan Horses And Firewall Protection 327
30.17	Residential And Individual Firewalls 328
30.18	Other Recommended Precautions 329
30.19	Summary 330
	Exercises 330

Chapter 31 Security Scams: Fooling Users 333

31.1	Introduction 333
31.2	Traditional Scams And Cybercrime 333
31.3	The Foreign Bank Scam 334
31.4	Phishing 334
31.5	The Software Update Scam 335
31.6	Password Change Scam 335
31.7	Misleading SSID Scam 336
31.8	Man-In-The-Middle Attacks 336
31.9	Misleading Email Addresses And Web Site URLs 337
31.10	Malware In Email Attachments 338
31.11	Summary 338

Chapter 32 Secure Access From A Distance (VPNs) 341

32.1	Introduction 341
32.2	An Employee At A Remote Location 341
32.3	Secure Remote Desktop 342
32.4	Using A Leased Circuit For Secure Telecommuting 343
32.5	VPN Technology: Secure, Low-Cost Remote Access 343
32.6	VPN From An Employee's Perspective 344
32.7	How A VPN Works 344
32.8	The Illusion Of A Direct Connection 345
32.9	Obtaining A Corporate IP Address 346
32.10	Exchanging Packets With The VPN Server 347
32.11	The Significance Of VPNs 348
32.12	Summary 349
	Exercises 349

Chapter 33 Internet Economics And Electronic Commerce 353

33.1	Introduction 353
33.2	The ISP Hierarchy 353
33.3	Network Capacity And Router Hardware 355
33.4	Service Provider Fee Structures 355
33.5	Receiver Pays 356
33.6	ISP Revenue 357
33.7	Peering Arrangements Among Tier 1 ISPs 358
33.8	Security Technology And E-commerce 358
33.9	Digital Signatures 359
33.10	Certificates Contain Public Keys 359
33.11	Digital Money 360
33.12	How Digital Cash Works 360
33.13	Business And E-commerce 361
33.14	The Controversy Over Net Neutrality 361
33.15	Summary 362

Chapter 34 A Global Digital Library 365

34.1	Introduction 365
34.2	What Is A Library? 365
34.3	Is The Internet A Digital Library? 366
34.4	New Services Replace Old Services 366
34.5	Digital Formats, Standards, And Archival Storage 367
34.6	Organizing A Library 368
34.7	The Disadvantage Of Imposing Structure 369
34.8	Searching An Unstructured Collection 369
34.9	What Is The Internet? 370
34.10	A Personal Note 370

Table of Contents For The Internet Book 5th Edition

Preface xxiii

Chapter 1 The Internet Is Everywhere 3

PART I Before The Internet 11

Chapter 2 Telephones Everywhere 15

Chapter 3 The World Was Once Analog 23

Chapter 4 The Past And Present Digital Network 37

Chapter 5 Basic Communication 45

Chapter 6 Local Area Networks 55

PART II A Brief History Of The Internet 65

Chapter 7 Internet: Motivation And Beginnings 69

Chapter 8 The Incredible Growth 81

PART III Inside The Internet 93

Chapter 9 Packet Switching 97

Chapter 10 Internet: A Network Of Networks 107

Chapter 11 Internet Access Using Broadband And Wireless 121

Chapter 12 Internet Performance 131

Chapter 13 IP: Software To Create A Virtual Network 145

Chapter 14 TCP: Software For Reliable Communication 155

Chapter 15 Clients, Servers, And Internet Services 163

Chapter 16 Names For Computers 171

Chapter 17 Sharing An Internet Connection (NAT) 181

Chapter 18 Why The Internet Works Well 189

PART IV Internet Services 195

Chapter 19 Electronic Mail 199

Chapter 20 The World Wide Web: Browsers And Basics 207

Chapter 21 The World Wide Web: HTML And Web Pages 217

Chapter 22 The World Wide Web: Web Pages That Change 227

Chapter 23 Social Networking And Personal Publishing 241

Chapter 24 The Internet Of Things (IoT) 247

Chapter 25 Internet Search (Search Engines) 257

Chapter 26 Voice And Video Communication (VoIP) 267

Chapter 27 File Transfer And Data Sharing 279

Chapter 28 Remote Desktop 289

Chapter 29 Cloud Services And Cloud Computing 297

PART V Other Aspects Of Internet Technology 313

Chapter 30 Network Security (Encryption And Firewalls) 317

Chapter 31 Security Scams: Fooling Users 333

Chapter 32 Secure Access From A Distance (VPNs) 341

Chapter 33 Internet Economics And Electronic Commerce 353

Chapter 34 A Global Digital Library 365

Index 371

Table of Contents For

The Internet Book

5th Edition