vol1 contents

Table of Contents For

Internetworking With TCP/IP Volume 1

6th Edition

Foreword xxiii

Preface xxv

Chapter 1 Introduction And Overview 1

1.1	The Motivation For Internetworking 1
1.2	The TCP/IP Internet 2
1.3	Internet Services 2
	1.3.1	Application Level Internet Services 3
	1.3.2	Network-Level Internet Services 4
1.4	History And Scope Of The Internet 6
1.5	The Internet Architecture Board 7
1.6	The IAB Reorganization 8
1.7	Internet Request For Comments (RFCs) 8
1.8	Internet Growth 9
1.9	Transition To IPv6 12
1.10	Committee Design And The New Version of IP 12
1.11	Relationship Between IPv4 And IPv6 13
1.12	IPv6 Migration 14
1.13	Dual Stack Systems 15
1.14	Organization Of The Text 15
1.15	Summary 16
	Exercises 17

Chapter 2 Overview Of Underlying Network Technologies 19

2.1	Introduction 19
2.2	Two Approaches To Network Communication 20
2.3	WAN And LAN 21
2.4	Hardware Addressing Schemes 21
2.5	Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) 22
	2.5.1	Ethernet Capacity 23
	2.5.2	Automatic Negotiation 23
	2.5.3	Important Properties Of An Ethernet 23
	2.5.4	48-Bit Ethernet MAC (Hardware) Addresses 24
	2.5.5	Ethernet Frame Format And Packet Size 25
2.6	Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) 26
2.7	ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4) 26
2.8	Optical Carrier And Packet Over SONET (OC, POS) 27
2.9	Point-To-Point Networks 28
2.10	VLAN Technology And Broadcast Domains 28
2.11	Bridging 29
2.12	Congestion And Packet Loss 30
2.13	Summary 31
	Exercises 32

Chapter 3 Internetworking Concept And Architectural Model 35

3.1	Introduction 35
3.2	Application-Level Interconnection 35
3.3	Network-Level Interconnection 37
3.4	Properties Of The Internet 38
3.5	Internet Architecture 39
3.6	Interconnection Of Multiple Networks With IP Routers 39
3.7	The User's View 41
3.8	All Networks Are Equal 42
3.9	The Unanswered Questions 43
3.10	Summary 43
	Exercises 44

Chapter 4 Protocol Layering 47

4.1	Introduction 47
4.2	The Need For Multiple Protocols 47
4.3	The Conceptual Layers Of Protocol Software 49
4.4	Functionality Of The Layers 49
4.5	ISO 7-Layer Reference Model 50
4.6	X.25 And Its Relation To The ISO Model 51
4.7	The TCP/IP 5-Layer Reference Model 52
4.8	Locus Of Intelligence 56
4.9	The Protocol Layering Principle 57
4.10	The Layering Principle Applied To A Network 58
	4.10.1	Layering In A TCP/IP Internet Environment 59
4.11	Layering In Mesh Networks 60
4.12	Two Important Boundaries In The TCP/IP Model 62
	4.12.1	High-Level Protocol Address Boundary 62
	4.12.2	Operating System Boundary 63
4.13	Cross-Layer Optimizations 63
4.14	The Basic Idea Behind Multiplexing And Demultiplexing 64
4.15	Summary 66
	Exercises 66

Chapter 5 Internet Addressing 69

5.1	Introduction 69
5.2	Universal Host Identifiers 69
5.3	The Original IPv4 Classful Addressing Scheme 71
5.4	Dotted Decimal Notation Used With IPv4 72
5.5	IPv4 Subnet Addressing 72
5.6	Fixed Length IPv4 Subnets 75
5.7	Variable-Length IPv4 Subnets 77
5.8	Implementation Of IPv4 Subnets With Masks 77
5.9	IPv4 Subnet Mask Representation And Slash Notation 78
5.10	The Current Classless IPv4 Addressing Scheme 79
5.11	IPv4 Address Blocks And CIDR Slash Notation 82
5.12	A Classless IPv4 Addressing Example 82
5.13	IPv4 CIDR Blocks Reserved For Private Networks 83
5.14	The IPv6 Addressing Scheme 84
5.15	IPv6 Colon Hexadecimal Notation 84
5.16	IPv6 Address Space Assignment 85
5.17	Embedding IPv4 Addresses In IPv6 For Transition 86
5.18	IPv6 Unicast Addresses And /64 87
5.19	IPv6 Interface Identifiers And MAC Addresses 88
5.20	IP Addresses, Hosts, And Network Connections 89
5.21	Special Addresses 90
	5.21.1	IPv4 Network Address 90
	5.21.2	IPv4 Directed Broadcast Address 90
	5.21.3	IPv4 Limited (Local Network) Broadcast Address 91
	5.21.4	IPv4 Subnet Broadcast Address 91
	5.21.5	IPv4 All-0s Source Address 91
	5.21.6	IPv4 Multicast Addresses 92
	5.21.7	IPv4 Loopback Address 92
	5.21.8	Summary Of IPv4 Special Address Conventions 92
	5.21.9	IPv6 Multicast And Anycast Addresses 92
	5.21.10	IPv6 Link-Local Addresses 94
5.22	Weaknesses In Internet Addressing 94
5.23	Internet Address Assignment And Delegation Of Authority 96
5.24	An Example IPv4 Address Assignment 96
5.25	Summary 98
	Exercises 98

Chapter 6 Mapping Internet Addresses To Physical Addresses (ARP) 101

6.1	Introduction 101
6.2	The Address Resolution Problem 101
6.3	Two Types Of Hardware Addresses 102
6.4	Resolution Through Direct Mapping 102
6.5	Resolution In A Direct-Mapped Network 103
6.6	IPv4 Address Resolution Through Dynamic Binding 104
6.7	The ARP Cache 105
6.8	ARP Cache Timeout 106
6.9	ARP Refinements 106
6.10	Relationship Of ARP To Other Protocols 108
6.11	ARP Implementation 108
6.12	ARP Encapsulation And Identification 110
6.13	ARP Message Format 110
6.14	Automatic ARP Cache Revalidation 112
6.15	Reverse Address Resolution (RARP) 112
6.16	ARP Caches In Layer 3 Switches 113
6.17	Proxy ARP 114
6.18	IPv6 Neighbor Discovery 115
6.19	Summary 116
	Exercises 116

Chapter 7 Internet Protocol: Connectionless Datagram Delivery (IPv4, IPv6) 119

7.1	Introduction 119
7.2	A Virtual Network 119
7.3	Internet Architecture And Philosophy 120
7.4	Principles Behind The Structure 120
7.5	Connectionless Delivery System Characteristics 121
7.6	Purpose And Importance Of The Internet Protocol 122
7.7	The IP Datagram 122
	7.7.1	IPv4 Datagram Format 123
	7.7.2	IPv6 Datagram Format 125
	7.7.3	IPv6 Base Header Format 126
7.8	Datagram Type Of Service And Differentiated Services 127
7.9	Datagram Encapsulation 129
7.10	Datagram Size, Network MTU, and Fragmentation 130
	7.10.1	IPv4 Datagram Fragmentation 131
	7.10.2	IPv6 Fragmentation And Path MTU Discovery (PMTUD) 133
7.11	Datagram Reassembly 134
7.12	Header Fields Used For Datagram Reassembly 135
7.13	Time To Live (IPv4) And Hop Limit (IPv6) 136
7.14	Optional IP Items 137
	7.14.1	IPv4 Options 137
	7.14.2	IPv6 Optional Extensions 139
7.15	Options Processing During Fragmentation 141
	7.15.1	IPv4 Processing Options During Fragmentation 141
	7.15.2	IPv6 Processing Options During Fragmentation 141
7.16	Network Byte Order 143
7.17	Summary 144
	Exercises 144

Chapter 8 Internet Protocol: Forwarding IP Datagrams 147

8.1	Introduction 147
8.2	Forwarding In An Internet 147
8.3	Direct And Indirect Delivery 149
8.4	Transmission Across A Single Network 150
8.5	Indirect Delivery 151
8.6	Table-Driven IP Forwarding 152
8.7	Next-Hop Forwarding 153
8.8	Default Routes And A Host Example 155
8.9	Host-Specific Routes 156
8.10	The IP Forwarding Algorithm 157
8.11	Longest-Prefix Match Paradigm 158
8.12	Forwarding Tables And IP Addresses 160
8.13	Handling Incoming Datagrams 161
8.14	Forwarding In The Presence Of Broadcast And Multicast 162
8.15	Software Routers And Sequential Lookup 163
8.16	Establishing Forwarding Tables 163
8.17	Summary 163
	Exercises 164

Chapter 9 Internet Protocol: Error And Control Messages (ICMP) 167

9.1	Introduction 167
9.2	The Internet Control Message Protocol 167
9.3	Error Reporting Vs. Error Correction 169
9.4	ICMP Message Delivery 170
9.5	Conceptual Layering 171
9.6	ICMP Message Format 171
9.7	Example ICMP Message Types Used With IPv4 And IPv6 172
9.8	Testing Destination Reachability And Status (Ping) 173
9.9	Echo Request And Reply Message Format 174
9.10	Checksum Computation And The IPv6 Pseudo-Header 175
9.11	Reports Of Unreachable Destinations 176
9.12	ICMP Error Reports Regarding Fragmentation 178
9.13	Route Change Requests From Routers 178
9.14	Detecting Circular Or Excessively Long Routes 180
9.15	Reporting Other Problems 181
9.16	Older ICMP Messages Used At Startup 182
9.17	Summary 182
	Exercises 183

Chapter 10 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 185

10.1	Introduction 185
10.2	Using A Protocol Port As An Ultimate Destination 185
10.3	The User Datagram Protocol 186
10.4	UDP Message Format 187
10.5	Interpretation Of the UDP Checksum 188
10.6	UDP Checksum Computation And The Pseudo-Header 189
10.7	IPv4 UDP Pseudo-Header Format 189
10.8	IPv6 UDP Pseudo-Header Format 190
10.9	UDP Encapsulation And Protocol Layering 190
10.10	Layering And The UDP Checksum Computation 192
10.11	UDP Multiplexing, Demultiplexing, And Protocol Ports 193
10.12	Reserved And Available UDP Port Numbers 194
10.13	Summary 196
	Exercises 196

Chapter 11 Reliable Stream Transport Service (TCP) 199

11.1	Introduction 199
11.2	The Need For Reliable Service 199
11.3	Properties Of The Reliable Delivery Service 200
11.4	Reliability: Acknowledgements And Retransmission 201
11.5	The Sliding Window Paradigm 203
11.6	The Transmission Control Protocol 205
11.7	Layering, Ports, Connections, And Endpoints 206
11.8	Passive And Active Opens 208
11.9	Segments, Streams, And Sequence Numbers 208
11.10	Variable Window Size And Flow Control 209
11.11	TCP Segment Format 210
11.12	Out Of Band Data 212
11.13	TCP Options 212
	11.13.1	Maximum Segment Size Option 213
	11.13.2	Window Scaling Option 214
	11.13.3	Timestamp Option 214
11.14	TCP Checksum Computation 214
11.15	Acknowledgements, Retransmission, And Timeouts 216
11.16	Accurate Measurement Of Round Trip Samples 218
11.17	Karn's Algorithm And Timer Backoff 219
11.18	Responding To High Variance In Delay 220
11.19	Response To Congestion 223
11.20	Fast Recovery And Other Response Modifications 225
11.21	Explicit Feedback Mechanisms (SACK and ECN) 227
	11.21.1	Selective Acknowledgement (SACK) 227
	11.21.2	Explicit Congestion Notification 227
11.22	Congestion, Tail Drop, And TCP 228
11.23	Random Early Detection (RED) 229
11.24	Establishing A TCP Connection 231
11.25	Initial Sequence Numbers 232
11.26	Closing a TCP Connection 233
11.27	TCP Connection Reset 234
11.28	TCP State Machine 235
11.29	Forcing Data Delivery 236
11.30	Reserved TCP Port Numbers 237
11.31	Silly Window Syndrome And Small Packets 238
11.32	Avoiding Silly Window Syndrome 239
	11.32.1	Receive-Side Silly Window Avoidance 239
	11.32.2	Delayed Acknowledgements 240
	11.32.3	Send-Side Silly Window Avoidance 241
11.33	Buffer Bloat And Its Effect On Latency 242
11.34	Summary 243
	Exercises 244

Chapter 12 Routing Architecture: Cores, Peers, And Algorithms 247

12.1	Introduction 247
12.2	The Origin Of Forwarding Tables 248
12.3	Forwarding With Partial Information 249
12.4	Original Internet Architecture And Cores 251
12.5	Beyond The Core Architecture To Peer Backbones 253
12.6	Automatic Route Propagation And A FIB 254
12.7	Distance-Vector (Bellman-Ford) Routing 255
12.8	Reliability And Routing Protocols 257
12.9	Link-State (SPF) Routing 258
12.10	Summary 259
	Exercises 259

Chapter 13 Routing Among Autonomous Systems (BGP) 263

13.1	Introduction 263
13.2	The Scope Of A Routing Update Protocol 263
13.3	Determining A Practical Limit On Group Size 264
13.4	A Fundamental Idea: Extra Hops 266
13.5	Autonomous System Concept 267
13.6	Exterior Gateway Protocols And Reachability 268
13.7	BGP Characteristics 269
13.8	BGP Functionality And Message Types 270
13.9	BGP Message Header 271
13.10	BGP OPEN Message 272
13.11	BGP UPDATE Message 273
13.12	Compressed IPv4 Mask-Address Pairs 274
13.13	BGP Path Attributes 274
13.14	BGP KEEPALIVE Message 276
13.15	Information From The Receiver's Perspective 277
13.16	The Key Restriction Of Exterior Gateway Protocols 278
13.17	The Internet Routing Architecture And Registries 280
13.18	BGP NOTIFICATION Message 280
13.19	BGP Multiprotocol Extensions For IPv6 281
13.20	Multiprotocol Reachable NLRI Attribute 283
13.21	Internet Routing And Economics 284
13.22	Summary 285
	Exercises 285

Chapter 14 Routing Within An Autonomous System (RIP, RIPng, OSPF, IS-IS) 289

14.1	Introduction 289
14.2	Static Vs. Dynamic Interior Routes 289
14.3	Routing Information Protocol (RIP) 293
	14.3.1	History of RIP 293
	14.3.2	RIP Operation 293
14.4	Slow Convergence Problem 294
14.5	Solving The Slow Convergence Problem 296
14.6	RIP Message Format (IPv4) 297
14.7	Fields In A RIP Message 299
14.8	RIP For IPv6 (RIPng) 299
14.9	The Disadvantage Of Using Hop Counts 301
14.10	Delay Metric (HELLO) 301
14.11	Delay Metrics, Oscillation, And Route Flapping 302
14.12	The Open SPF Protocol (OSPF) 303
14.13	OSPFv2 Message Formats (IPv4) 305
	14.13.1	OSPFv2 Hello Message Format 306
	14.13.2	OSPFv2 Database Description Message Format 306
	14.13.3	OSPFv2 Link-Status Request Message Format 308
	14.13.4	OSPFv2 Link-Status Update Message Format 308
14.14	Changes In OSPFv3 To Support IPv6 310
	14.14.1	OSPFv3 Message Formats 310
	14.14.2	OSPFv3 Hello Message Format 311
	14.14.3	Other OSPFv3 Features And Messages 311
14.15	IS-IS Route Propagation Protocol 312
14.16	Trust And Route Hijacking 313
14.17	Gated: A Routing Gateway Daemon 313
14.18	Artificial Metrics And Metric Transformation 314
14.19	Routing With Partial Information 315
14.20	Summary 315
	Exercises 316

Chapter 15 Internet Multicasting 319

15.1	Introduction 319
15.2	Hardware Broadcast 319
15.3	Hardware Multicast 320
15.4	Ethernet Multicast 321
15.5	The Conceptual Building Blocks Of Internet Multicast 321
15.6	The IP Multicast Scheme 322
15.7	IPv4 And IPv6 Multicast Addresses 323
	15.7.1	IPv4 Multicast Address Space 324
	15.7.2	IPv6 Multicast Address Space 325
15.8	Multicast Address Semantics 326
15.9	Mapping IP Multicast To Ethernet Multicast 327
15.10	Hosts And Multicast Delivery 328
15.11	Multicast Scope 328
15.12	Host Participation In IP Multicasting 329
15.13	IPv4 Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) 330
15.14	IGMP Details 331
15.15	IGMP Group Membership State Transitions 332
15.16	IGMP Membership Query Message Format 333
15.17	IGMP Membership Report Message Format 334
15.18	IPv6 Multicast Group Membership With MLDv2 335
15.19	Multicast Forwarding And Routing Information 337
	15.19.1	Need For Dynamic Forwarding 338
	15.19.2	Insufficiency Of Destination Forwarding 339
	15.19.3	Arbitrary Senders 339
15.20	Basic Multicast Forwarding Paradigms 339
15.21	Consequences Of TRPF 341
15.22	Multicast Trees 342
15.23	The Essence Of Multicast Route Propagation 343
15.24	Reverse Path Multicasting 344
15.25	Example Multicast Routing Protocols 345
	15.25.1	Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol And Tunneling 345
	15.25.2	Core Based Trees (CBT) 346
	15.25.3	Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) 347
15.26	Reliable Multicast And ACK Implosions 347
15.27	Summary 349
	Exercises 350

Chapter 16 Label Switching, Flows, And MPLS 353

16.1	Introduction 353
16.2	Switching Technology 353
16.3	Flows And Flow Setup 355
16.4	Large Networks, Label Swapping, And Paths 355
16.5	Using Switching With IP 357
16.6	IP Switching Technologies And MPLS 357
16.7	Labels And Label Assignment 359
16.8	Hierarchical Use Of MPLS And A Label Stack 359
16.9	MPLS Encapsulation 360
16.10	Label Semantics 361
16.11	Label Switching Router 362
16.12	Control Processing And Label Distribution 363
16.13	MPLS And Fragmentation 364
16.14	Mesh Topology And Traffic Engineering 364
16.15	Summary 365
	Exercises 365

Chapter 17 Packet Classification 369

17.1	Introduction 369
17.2	Motivation For Classification 370
17.3	Classification Instead Of Demultiplexing 371
17.4	Layering When Classification Is Used 372
17.5	Classification Hardware And Network Switches 372
17.6	Switching Decisions And VLAN Tags 374
17.7	Classification Hardware 375
17.8	High-Speed Classification And TCAM 375
17.9	The Size Of A TCAM 377
17.10	Classification-Enabled Generalized Forwarding 378
17.11	Summary 379
	Exercises 379

Chapter 18 Mobility And Mobile IP 381

18.1	Introduction 381
18.2	Mobility, Addressing, And Routing 381
18.3	Mobility Via Host Address Change 382
18.4	Mobility Via Changes In Datagram Forwarding 383
18.5	The Mobile IP Technology 383
18.6	Overview Of Mobile IP Operation 384
18.7	Overhead And Frequency Of Change 384
18.8	Mobile IPv4 Addressing 385
18.9	IPv4 Foreign Agent Discovery 386
18.10	IPv4 Registration 387
18.11	IPv4 Registration Message Format 388
18.12	Communication With An IPv4 Foreign Agent 388
18.13	IPv6 Mobility Support 389
18.14	Datagram Transmission, Reception, And Tunneling 390
18.15	Assessment Of IP Mobility And Unsolved Problems 391
	18.15.1	Lack Of Hand-Off And Hierarchical Routes 392
	18.15.2	Problems With Authentication On Foreign Networks 392
	18.15.3	Inefficient Reverse Forwarding, Especially For Mobile IPv4 393
	18.15.4	Duplicate Address Detection In Mobile IPv6 394
	18.15.5	Communication With Hosts On The Mobile's Home Network 394
18.16	Alternative Identifier-Locator Separation Technologies 395
18.17	Summary 396
	Exercises 396

Chapter 19 Network Virtualization: VPNs, NATs, And Overlays 399

19.1	Introduction 399
19.2	Virtualization 399
19.3	Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) 400
19.4	VPN Tunneling And IP-in-IP Encapsulation 401
19.5	VPN Addressing And Forwarding 402
19.6	Extending VPN Technology To Individual Hosts 404
19.7	Using A VPN With Private IP Addresses 404
19.8	Network Address Translation (NAT) 405
19.9	NAT Translation Table Creation 407
19.10	Variant Of NAT 409
19.11	An Example Of NAT Translation 409
19.12	Interaction Between NAT And ICMP 411
19.13	Interaction Between NAT And Applications 411
19.14	NAT In The Presence Of Fragmentation 412
19.15	Conceptual Address Domains 413
19.16	Linux, Windows, And Mac Versions Of NAT 413
19.17	Overlay Networks 413
19.18	Multiple Simultaneous Overlays 415
19.19	Summary 415
	Exercises 416

Chapter 20 Client-Server Model Of Interaction 419

20.1	Introduction 419
20.2	The Client-Server Model 420
20.3	A Trivial Example: UDP Echo Server 420
20.4	Time And Date Service 422
	20.4.1	Data Representation And Network Standard Byte Order 422
	20.4.2	Time Server Interaction 423
20.5	Sequential And Concurrent Servers 423
20.6	Server Complexity 425
20.7	Broadcasting Requests 426
20.8	Client-Server Alternatives And Extensions 426
20.9	Summary 428
	Exercises 429

Chapter 21 The Socket API 431

21.1	Introduction 431
21.2	Versions Of The Socket API 432
21.3	The UNIX I/O Paradigm And Network I/O 432
21.4	Adding Network I/O to UNIX 432
21.5	The Socket Abstraction And Socket Operations 433
	21.5.1	Creating A Socket 433
	21.5.2	Socket Inheritance And Termination 434
	21.5.3	Specifying A Local Address 434
	21.5.4	Connecting A Socket To A Destination Endpoint 436
	21.5.5	Sending Data Through A Socket 436
	21.5.6	Receiving Data Through A Socket 437
	21.5.7	Obtaining Local And Remote Socket Endpoint Information 437
21.6	Obtaining And Setting Socket Options 438
	21.6.1	Specifying A Queue Length For A Server 439
21.7	How A Server Accepts TCP Connections 439
21.8	Servers That Handle Multiple Services 440
21.9	Obtaining And Setting The Host Name 441
21.10	Library Functions Related To Sockets 442
21.11	Network Byte Order And Conversion Routines 443
21.12	IP Address Manipulation Routines 444
21.13	Accessing The Domain Name System 444
21.14	Obtaining Information About Hosts 446
21.15	Obtaining Information About Networks 447
21.16	Obtaining Information About Protocols 447
21.17	Obtaining Information About Network Services 447
21.18	An Example Client 448
21.19	An Example Server 453
21.20	Summary 460
	Exercises 460

Chapter 22 Bootstrap And Autoconfiguration (DHCP, NDP, IPv6-ND) 463

22.1	Introduction 463
22.2	History Of IPv4 Bootstrapping 464
22.3	Using IP To Determine An IP Address 464
22.4	DHCP Retransmission And Randomization 465
22.5	DHCP Message Format 465
22.6	The Need For Dynamic Configuration 468
22.7	DHCP Leases And Dynamic Address Assignment 469
22.8	Multiple Addresses And Relays 469
22.9	DHCP Address Acquisition States 470
22.10	Early Lease Termination 471
22.11	Lease Renewal States 472
22.12	DHCP Options And Message Type 473
22.13	DHCP Option Overload 474
22.14	DHCP And Domain Names 474
22.15	Managed And Unmanaged Configuration 474
22.16	Managed And Unmanaged Configuration For IPv6 475
22.17	IPv6 Configuration Options And Potential Conflicts 476
22.18	IPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) 477
22.19	ICMPv6 Router Solicitation Message 478
22.20	ICMPv6 Router Advertisement Message 478
22.21	ICMPv6 Neighbor Solicitation Message 479
22.22	ICMPv6 Neighbor Advertisement Message 480
22.23	ICMPv6 Redirect Message 480
22.24	Summary 481
	Exercises 482

Chapter 23 The Domain Name System (DNS) 485

23.1	Introduction 485
23.2	Names For Computers 486
23.3	Flat Namespace 486
23.4	Hierarchical Names 487
23.5	Delegation Of Authority For Names 488
23.6	Subset Authority 488
23.7	Internet Domain Names 489
23.8	Top-Level Domains 490
23.9	Name Syntax And Type 492
23.10	Mapping Domain Names To Addresses 493
23.11	Domain Name Resolution 495
23.12	Efficient Translation 496
23.13	Caching: The Key To Efficiency 497
23.14	Domain Name System Message Format 498
23.15	Compressed Name Format 501
23.16	Abbreviation Of Domain Names 501
23.17	Inverse Mappings 502
23.18	Pointer Queries 503
23.19	Object Types And Resource Record Contents 504
23.20	Obtaining Authority For A Subdomain 505
23.21	Server Operation And Replication 505
23.22	Dynamic DNS Update And Notification 506
23.23	DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) 506
23.24	Multicast DNS And Service Discovery 507
23.25	Summary 508
	Exercises 508

Chapter 24 Electronic Mail (SMTP, POP, IMAP, MIME) 511

24.1	Introduction 511
24.2	Electronic Mail 511
24.3	Mailbox Names And Aliases 512
24.4	Alias Expansion And Mail Forwarding 513
24.5	TCP/IP Standards For Electronic Mail Service 514
24.6	Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 515
24.7	Mail Retrieval And Mailbox Manipulation Protocols 517
	24.7.1	Post Office Protocol 518
	24.7.2	Internet Message Access Protocol 518
24.8	The MIME Extensions For Non-ASCII Data 519
24.9	MIME Multipart Messages 521
24.10	Summary 522
	Exercises 522

Chapter 25 World Wide Web (HTTP) 525

25.1	Introduction 525
25.2	Importance Of The Web 525
25.3	Architectural Components 526
25.4	Uniform Resource Locators 526
25.5	An Example HTML Document 527
25.6	Hypertext Transfer Protocol 528
25.7	HTTP GET Request 528
25.8	Error Messages 529
25.9	Persistent Connections 530
25.10	Data Length And Program Output 530
25.11	Length Encoding And Headers 531
25.12	Negotiation 532
25.13	Conditional Requests 533
25.14	Proxy Servers And Caching 533
25.15	Caching 534
25.16	Other HTTP Functionality 535
25.17	HTTP, Security, And E-Commerce 535
25.18	Summary 536
	Exercises 536

Chapter 26 Voice And Video Over IP (RTP, RSVP, QoS) 539

26.1	Introduction 539
26.2	Digitizing And Encoding 539
26.3	Audio And Video Transmission And Reproduction 540
26.4	Jitter And Playback Delay 541
26.5	Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) 542
26.6	Streams, Mixing, And Multicasting 544
26.7	RTP Encapsulation 544
26.8	RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) 545
26.9	RTCP Operation 545
26.10	IP Telephony And Signaling 546
	26.10.1	H.323 Standards 547
	26.10.2	Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 548
26.11	Quality Of Service Controversy 549
26.12	QoS, Utilization, And Capacity 550
26.13	Emergency Services And Preemption 551
26.14	IntServ And Resource Reservation 551
	26.14.1	Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) 552
	26.14.2	IntServ Enforcement (COPS) 552
26.15	DiffServ And Per-Hop Behavior 553
26.16	Traffic Scheduling 553
26.17	Traffic Policing And Shaping 555
26.18	Summary 556
	Exercises 556

Chapter 27 Network Management (SNMP) 559

27.1	Introduction 559
27.2	The Level Of Management Protocols 559
27.3	Architectural Model 561
27.4	Protocol Framework 562
	27.4.1	The TCP/IP Protocol For Network Management 562
	27.4.2	A Standard For Managed Information 562
27.5	Examples of MIB Variables 564
27.6	The Structure Of Management Information 564
27.7	Formal Definitions Using ASN.1 565
27.8	Structure And Representation Of MIB Object Names 566
27.9	MIB Changes And Additions For IPv6 571
27.10	Simple Network Management Protocol 571
	27.10.1	Searching Tables Using Names 573
27.11	SNMP Message Format 574
27.12	An Example Encoded SNMP Message 577
27.13	Security In SNMPv3 579
27.14	Summary 580
	Exercises 580

Chapter 28 Software Defined Networking (SDN, OpenFlow) 583

28.1	Introduction 583
28.2	Routes, Paths, And Connections 583
28.3	Traffic Engineering And Control Of Path Selection 584
28.4	Connection-Oriented Networks And Routing Overlays 584
28.5	SDN: A New Hybrid Approach 586
28.6	Separation Of Data And Control 586
28.7	The SDN Architecture And External Controllers 588
28.8	SDN Across Multiple Devices 589
28.9	Implementing SDN With Conventional Switches 590
28.10	OpenFlow Technology 592
28.11	OpenFlow Basics 592
28.12	Specific Fields In An OpenFlow Pattern 593
28.13	Actions That OpenFlow Can Take 594
28.14	OpenFlow Extensions And Additions 595
28.15	OpenFlow Messages 598
28.16	Uses Of OpenFlow 599
28.17	OpenFlow: Excitement, Hype, And Limitations 599
28.18	Software Defined Radio (SDR) 600
28.19	Summary 601
	Exercises 601

Chapter 29 Internet Security And Firewall Design (IPsec, SSL) 605

29.1	Introduction 605
29.2	Protecting Resources 606
29.3	Information Policy 607
29.4	Internet Security 607
29.5	IP Security (IPsec) 608
29.6	IPsec Authentication Header 608
29.7	Security Association 610
29.8	IPsec Encapsulating Security Payload 611
29.9	Authentication And Mutable Header Fields 612
29.10	IPsec Tunneling 613
29.11	Required Security Algorithms 613
29.12	Secure Socket Layer (SSL and TLS) 614
29.13	Firewalls And Internet Access 614
29.14	Multiple Connections And Weakest Links 614
29.15	Firewall Implementation And Packet Filters 615
29.16	Firewall Rules And The 5-Tuple 615
29.17	Security And Packet Filter Specification 617
29.18	The Consequence Of Restricted Access For Clients 618
29.19	Stateful Firewalls 618
29.20	Content Protection And Proxies 619
29.21	Monitoring And Logging 620
29.22	Summary 620
	Exercises 621

Chapter 30 Connected Embedded Systems (The Internet of Things) 623

30.1	Introduction 623
30.2	Sensing, Monitoring, And Control 624
30.3	Power Conservation And Energy Harvesting 624
30.4	A World Of Intelligent Embedded Devices 625
30.5	The Importance of Communication 625
30.6	Example: Electronic Ads In Shopping Malls 626
30.7	Collecting Data From Embedded Systems 627
30.8	Wireless Networking And IEEE 802.15.4 627
30.9	A Mesh Network For Smart Grid Sensors 628
30.10	A Forwarding Tree For a Sensor Mesh 629
30.11	Using Layer 2 And Layer 3 Protocols In A Mesh 630
30.12	The ZigBee IPv6 Protocol Stack 631
	30.12.1	IPv6 Over Low Power Wireless Networks (6LoWPAN) 632
	30.12.2	6LoWPAN Neighbor Discovery (6LoWPAN-ND) 632
	30.12.3	Mesh Link Establishment (MLE) 632
30.13	Forwarding In A ZigBee Route-Over Mesh 633
	30.13.1	Routing Protocol For Low-Power And Lossy Networks (RPL) 634
	30.13.2	Other Protocols In The ZigBee Specification 635
30.14	Assessment Of Using IPv6 Route-Over For A Mesh 635
30.15	Summary 637
	Exercises 637

Table of Contents For

Internetworking With TCP/IP Volume 1

6th Edition

Foreword xxiii

Preface xxv

Chapter 1 Introduction And Overview 1

Chapter 2 Overview Of Underlying Network Technologies 19

Chapter 3 Internetworking Concept And Architectural Model 35

Chapter 4 Protocol Layering 47

Chapter 5 Internet Addressing 69

Chapter 6 Mapping Internet Addresses To Physical Addresses (ARP) 101

Chapter 7 Internet Protocol: Connectionless Datagram Delivery (IPv4, IPv6) 119

Chapter 8 Internet Protocol: Forwarding IP Datagrams 147

Chapter 9 Internet Protocol: Error And Control Messages (ICMP) 167

Chapter 10 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 185

Chapter 11 Reliable Stream Transport Service (TCP) 199

Chapter 12 Routing Architecture: Cores, Peers, And Algorithms 247

Chapter 13 Routing Among Autonomous Systems (BGP) 263

Chapter 14 Routing Within An Autonomous System (RIP, RIPng, OSPF, IS-IS) 289

Chapter 15 Internet Multicasting 319

Chapter 16 Label Switching, Flows, And MPLS 353

Chapter 17 Packet Classification 369

Chapter 18 Mobility And Mobile IP 381

Chapter 19 Network Virtualization: VPNs, NATs, And Overlays 399

Chapter 20 Client-Server Model Of Interaction 419

Chapter 21 The Socket API 431

Chapter 22 Bootstrap And Autoconfiguration (DHCP, NDP, IPv6-ND) 463

Chapter 23 The Domain Name System (DNS) 485

Chapter 24 Electronic Mail (SMTP, POP, IMAP, MIME) 511

Chapter 25 World Wide Web (HTTP) 525

Chapter 26 Voice And Video Over IP (RTP, RSVP, QoS) 539

Chapter 27 Network Management (SNMP) 559

Chapter 28 Software Defined Networking (SDN, OpenFlow) 583

Chapter 29 Internet Security And Firewall Design (IPsec, SSL) 605

Chapter 30 Connected Embedded Systems (The Internet of Things) 623

Appendix 1 Glossary Of Internetworking Terms And Abbreviations 639

Index 681

Table of Contents For Internetworking With TCP/IP Volume 1 6th Edition

Foreword xxiii

Preface xxv

Chapter 1 Introduction And Overview 1

Chapter 2 Overview Of Underlying Network Technologies 19

Chapter 3 Internetworking Concept And Architectural Model 35

Chapter 4 Protocol Layering 47

Chapter 5 Internet Addressing 69

Chapter 6 Mapping Internet Addresses To Physical Addresses (ARP) 101

Chapter 7 Internet Protocol: Connectionless Datagram Delivery (IPv4, IPv6) 119

Chapter 8 Internet Protocol: Forwarding IP Datagrams 147

Chapter 9 Internet Protocol: Error And Control Messages (ICMP) 167

Chapter 10 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 185

Chapter 11 Reliable Stream Transport Service (TCP) 199

Chapter 12 Routing Architecture: Cores, Peers, And Algorithms 247

Chapter 13 Routing Among Autonomous Systems (BGP) 263

Chapter 14 Routing Within An Autonomous System (RIP, RIPng, OSPF, IS-IS) 289

Chapter 15 Internet Multicasting 319

Chapter 16 Label Switching, Flows, And MPLS 353

Chapter 17 Packet Classification 369

Chapter 18 Mobility And Mobile IP 381

Chapter 19 Network Virtualization: VPNs, NATs, And Overlays 399

Chapter 20 Client-Server Model Of Interaction 419

Chapter 21 The Socket API 431

Chapter 22 Bootstrap And Autoconfiguration (DHCP, NDP, IPv6-ND) 463

Chapter 23 The Domain Name System (DNS) 485

Chapter 24 Electronic Mail (SMTP, POP, IMAP, MIME) 511

Chapter 25 World Wide Web (HTTP) 525

Chapter 26 Voice And Video Over IP (RTP, RSVP, QoS) 539

Chapter 27 Network Management (SNMP) 559

Chapter 28 Software Defined Networking (SDN, OpenFlow) 583

Chapter 29 Internet Security And Firewall Design (IPsec, SSL) 605

Chapter 30 Connected Embedded Systems (The Internet of Things) 623

Appendix 1 Glossary Of Internetworking Terms And Abbreviations 639

Index 681

Table of Contents For

Internetworking With TCP/IP Volume 1

6th Edition