| 1.1
| Growth Of Computer Networking 1
|
| 1.2
| Why Networking Seems Complex 2
|
| 1.3
| The Five Key Aspects Of Networking 2
|
|
| 1.3.1
| Network Applications And Network Programming 3
|
|
| 1.3.2
| Data Communications 3
|
|
| 1.3.3
| Packet Switching And Networking Technologies 4
|
|
| 1.3.4
| Internetworking With TCP\^/\^IP 5
|
| 1.4
| Public And Private Parts Of The Internet 6
|
|
| 1.4.1
| Public Network 6
|
|
| 1.4.2
| Private Network 6
|
| 1.5
| Networks, Interoperability, And Standards 8
|
| 1.6
| Protocol Suites And Layering Models 9
|
| 1.7
| How Data Passes Through Layers 11
|
| 1.8
| Headers And Layers 12
|
| 1.9
| ISO and the OSI Seven Layer Reference Model 13
|
| 1.10
| The Inside Scoop 13
|
| 1.11
| Remainder Of The Text 14
|
| 1.12
| Summary 15
|
| Exercises 15
|
| 3.1
| Introduction 27
|
| 3.2
| Two Basic Internet Communication Paradigms 28
|
|
| 3.2.1
| Stream Transport In The Internet 28
|
|
| 3.2.2
| Message Transport In The Internet 29
|
| 3.3
| Connection-oriented Communication 29
|
| 3.4
| The Client-Server Model Of Interaction 30
|
| 3.5
| Characteristics Of Clients And Servers 31
|
| 3.6
| Server Programs And Server-Class Computers 31
|
| 3.7
| Requests, Responses, And Direction Of Data Flow 32
|
| 3.8
| Multiple Clients And Multiple Servers 32
|
| 3.9
| Server Identification And Demultiplexing 33
|
| 3.10
| Concurrent Servers 34
|
| 3.11
| Circular Dependencies Among Servers 35
|
| 3.12
| Peer-To-Peer Interactions 35
|
| 3.13
| Network Programming And The Socket API 36
|
| 3.14
| Sockets, Descriptors, And Network I\^/\^O 36
|
| 3.15
| Parameters And The Socket API 37
|
| 3.16
| Socket Calls In A Client And Server 38
|
| 3.17
| Socket Functions Used By Both Client And Server 38
|
|
| 3.17.1
| The Socket Function 38
|
|
| 3.17.2
| The Send Function 39
|
|
| 3.17.3
| The Recv Function 39
|
|
| 3.17.4
| Read And Write With Sockets 39
|
|
| 3.17.5
| The Close Function 40
|
| 3.18
| The Connection Function Used Only By A Client 40
|
| 3.19
| Socket Functions Used Only By A Server 40
|
|
| 3.19.1
| The Bind Function 40
|
|
| 3.19.2
| The Listen Function 42
|
|
| 3.19.3
| The Accept Function 42
|
| 3.20
| Socket Functions Used With The Message Paradigm 43
|
|
| 3.20.1
| Sendto and Sendmsg Socket Functions 43
|
|
| 3.20.2
| Recvfrom And Recvmsg Functions 44
|
| 3.21
| Other Socket Functions 44
|
| 3.22
| Sockets, Threads, And Inheritance 45
|
| 3.23
| Summary 45
|
| Exercises 46
|
| 4.1
| Introduction 49
|
| 4.2
| Application-Layer Protocols 49
|
| 4.3
| Representation And Transfer 50
|
| 4.4
| Web Protocols 51
|
| 4.5
| Document Representation With HTML 52
|
| 4.6
| Uniform Resource Locators And Hyperlinks 54
|
| 4.7
| Web Document Transfer With HTTP 55
|
| 4.8
| Caching In Browsers 57
|
| 4.9
| Browser Architecture 59
|
| 4.10
| File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 59
|
| 4.11
| FTP Communication Paradigm 60
|
| 4.12
| Electronic Mail 63
|
| 4.13
| The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 64
|
| 4.14
| ISPs, Mail Servers, And Mail Access 66
|
| 4.15
| Mail Access Protocols (POP, IMAP) 67
|
| 4.16
| Email Representation Standards (RFC2822, MIME) 67
|
| 4.17
| Domain Name System (DNS) 69
|
| 4.18
| Domain Names That Begin With www 71
|
| 4.19
| The DNS Hierarchy And Server Model 72
|
| 4.20
| Name Resolution 72
|
| 4.21
| Caching In DNS Servers 74
|
| 4.22
| Types Of DNS Entries 75
|
| 4.23
| Aliases And CNAME Resource Records 76
|
| 4.24
| Abbreviations And The DNS 76
|
| 4.25
| Internationalized Domain Names 77
|
| 4.26
| Extensible Representations (XML) 78
|
| 4.27
| Summary 79
|
| Exercises 80
|
| 6.1
| Introduction 93
|
| 6.2
| Information Sources 93
|
| 6.3
| Analog And Digital Signals 94
|
| 6.4
| Periodic And Aperiodic Signals 94
|
| 6.5
| Sine Waves And Signal Characteristics 95
|
| 6.6
| Composite Signals 97
|
| 6.7
| The Importance Of Composite Signals And Sine Functions 97
|
| 6.8
| Time And Frequency Domain Representations 98
|
| 6.9
| Bandwidth Of An Analog Signal 99
|
| 6.10
| Digital Signals And Signal Levels 100
|
| 6.11
| Baud And Bits Per Second 101
|
| 6.12
| Converting A Digital Signal To Analog 102
|
| 6.13
| The Bandwidth Of A Digital Signal 103
|
| 6.14
| Synchronization And Agreement About Signals 103
|
| 6.15
| Line Coding 104
|
| 6.16
| Manchester Encoding Used In Computer Networks 106
|
| 6.17
| Converting An Analog Signal To Digital 107
|
| 6.18
| The Nyquist Theorem And Sampling Rate 108
|
| 6.19
| Nyquist Theorem And Telephone System Transmission 108
|
| 6.20
| Encoding And Data Compression 109
|
| 6.21
| Summary 110
|
| Exercises 110
|
| 7.1
| Introduction 113
|
| 7.2
| Guided And Unguided Transmission 113
|
| 7.3
| A Taxonomy By Forms Of Energy 114
|
| 7.4
| Background Radiation And Electrical Noise 115
|
| 7.5
| Twisted Pair Copper Wiring 115
|
| 7.6
| Shielding: Coaxial Cable And Shielded Twisted Pair 117
|
| 7.7
| Categories Of Twisted Pair Cable 118
|
| 7.8
| Media Using Light Energy And Optical Fibers 119
|
| 7.9
| Types Of Fiber And Light Transmission 120
|
| 7.10
| Optical Fiber Compared To Copper Wiring 121
|
| 7.11
| InfraRed Communication Technologies 122
|
| 7.12
| Point-To-Point Laser Communication 122
|
| 7.13
| Electromagnetic (Radio) Communication 123
|
| 7.14
| Signal Propagation 124
|
| 7.15
| Types Of Satellites 125
|
| 7.16
| GEO Communication Satellites 126
|
| 7.17
| GEO Coverage Of The Earth 127
|
| 7.18
| Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites And Clusters 128
|
| 7.19
| Tradeoffs Among Media Types 128
|
| 7.20
| Measuring Transmission Media 129
|
| 7.21
| The Effect Of Noise On Communication 129
|
| 7.22
| The Significance Of Channel Capacity 130
|
| 7.23
| Summary 131
|
| Exercises 132
|
| 8.1
| Introduction 135
|
| 8.2
| The Three Main Sources Of Transmission Errors 135
|
| 8.3
| Effect Of Transmission Errors On Data 136
|
| 8.4
| Two Strategies For Handling Channel Errors 137
|
| 8.5
| Block And Convolutional Error Codes 138
|
| 8.6
| An Example Block Error Code: Single Parity Checking 139
|
| 8.7
| The Mathematics Of Block Error Codes And (n,k) Notation 140
|
| 8.8
| Hamming Distance: A Measure Of A Code's Strength 140
|
| 8.9
| The Hamming Distance Among Strings In A Codebook 141
|
| 8.10
| The Tradeoff Between Error Detection And Overhead 142
|
| 8.11
| Error Correction With Row And Column (RAC) Parity 142
|
| 8.12
| The 16-Bit Checksum Used In The Internet 144
|
| 8.13
| Cyclic Redundancy Codes (CRCs) 145
|
| 8.14
| An Efficient Hardware Implementation Of CRC 148
|
| 8.15
| Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) Mechanisms 148
|
| 8.16
| Summary 149
|
| Exercises 149
|
| 9.1
| Introduction 153
|
| 9.2
| A Taxonomy Of Transmission Modes 153
|
| 9.3
| Parallel Transmission 154
|
| 9.4
| Serial Transmission 155
|
| 9.5
| Transmission Order: Bits And Bytes 156
|
| 9.6
| Timing Of Serial Transmission 156
|
| 9.7
| Asynchronous Transmission 157
|
| 9.8
| RS-232 Asynchronous Character Transmission 157
|
| 9.9
| Synchronous Transmission 158
|
| 9.10
| Bytes, Blocks, And Frames 159
|
| 9.11
| Isochronous Transmission 160
|
| 9.12
| Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full-Duplex Transmission 160
|
| 9.13
| DCE and DTE Equipment 162
|
| 9.14
| Summary 162
|
| Exercises 163
|
| 10.1
| Introduction 165
|
| 10.2
| Carriers, Frequency, And Propagation 165
|
| 10.3
| Analog Modulation Schemes 166
|
| 10.4
| Amplitude Modulation 166
|
| 10.5
| Frequency Modulation 167
|
| 10.6
| Phase Shift Modulation 168
|
| 10.7
| Amplitude Modulation And Shannon's Theorem 168
|
| 10.8
| Modulation, Digital Input, And Shift Keying 169
|
| 10.9
| Phase Shift Keying 169
|
| 10.10
| Phase Shift And A Constellation Diagram 171
|
| 10.11
| Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 173
|
| 10.12
| Modem Hardware For Modulation And Demodulation 174
|
| 10.13
| Optical And Radio Frequency Modems 174
|
| 10.14
| Dialup Modems 175
|
| 10.15
| QAM Applied To Dialup 175
|
| 10.16
| V.32 and V.32bis Dialup Modems 176
|
| 10.17
| Summary 177
|
| Exercises 178
|
| 11.1
| Introduction 181
|
| 11.2
| The Concept Of Multiplexing 181
|
| 11.3
| The Basic Types Of Multiplexing 182
|
| 11.4
| Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 183
|
| 11.5
| Using A Range Of Frequencies Per Channel 185
|
| 11.6
| Hierarchical FDM 186
|
| 11.7
| Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) 187
|
| 11.8
| Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) 187
|
| 11.9
| Synchronous TDM 188
|
| 11.10
| Framing Used In The Telephone System Version Of TDM 189
|
| 11.11
| Hierarchical TDM 190
|
| 11.12
| The Problem With Synchronous TDM: Unfilled Slots 190
|
| 11.13
| Statistical TDM 191
|
| 11.14
| Inverse Multiplexing 192
|
| 11.15
| Code Division Multiplexing 193
|
| 11.16
| Summary 195
|
| Exercises 195
|
| 12.1
| Introduction 199
|
| 12.2
| Internet Access Technology: Upstream And Downstream 199
|
| 12.3
| Narrowband And Broadband Access Technologies 200
|
|
| 12.3.1
| Narrowband Technologies 201
|
|
| 12.3.2
| Broadband Technologies 201
|
| 12.4
| The Local Loop And ISDN 202
|
| 12.5
| Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Technologies 202
|
| 12.6
| Local Loop Characteristics And Adaptation 203
|
| 12.7
| The Data Rate Of ADSL 204
|
| 12.8
| ADSL Installation And Splitters 205
|
| 12.9
| Cable Modem Technologies 205
|
| 12.10
| The Data Rate Of Cable Modems 206
|
| 12.11
| Cable Modem Installation 206
|
| 12.12
| Hybrid Fiber Coax 207
|
| 12.13
| Access Technologies That Employ Optical Fiber 208
|
| 12.14
| Head-End And Tail-End Modem Terminology 208
|
| 12.15
| Wireless Access Technologies 209
|
| 12.16
| High-Capacity Connections At The Internet Core 209
|
| 12.17
| Circuit Termination, DSU\|/\|CSU, and NIU 210
|
| 12.18
| Telephone Standards For Digital Circuits 211
|
| 12.19
| DS Terminology And Data Rates 212
|
| 12.20
| Highest Capacity Circuits (STS Standards) 213
|
| 12.21
| Optical Carrier Standards 213
|
| 12.22
| The C Suffix 213
|
| 12.23
| Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET) 214
|
| 12.24
| Summary 215
|
| Exercises 216
|
| 13.1
| Introduction 221
|
| 13.2
| Circuit Switching 222
|
| 13.3
| Packet Switching 223
|
| 13.4
| Local And Wide Area Packet Networks 224
|
| 13.5
| Standards For Packet Format And Identification 225
|
| 13.6
| IEEE 802 Model And Standards 226
|
| 13.7
| Point-To-Point And Multi-Access Networks 229
|
| 13.8
| LAN Topologies 229
|
|
| 13.8.1
| Bus Topology 230
|
|
| 13.8.2
| Ring Topology 230
|
|
| 13.8.3
| Mesh Topology 230
|
|
| 13.8.4
| Star Topology 230
|
|
| 13.8.5
| The Reason For Multiple Topologies 231
|
| 13.9
| Packet Identification, Demultiplexing, MAC Addresses 231
|
| 13.10
| Unicast, Broadcast, And Multicast Addresses 232
|
| 13.11
| Broadcast, Multicast, And Efficient Multi-Point Delivery 233
|
| 13.12
| Frames And Framing 234
|
| 13.13
| Byte And Bit Stuffing 235
|
| 13.14
| Summary 237
|
| Exercises 237
|
| 15.1
| Introduction 255
|
| 15.2
| The Venerable Ethernet 255
|
| 15.3
| Ethernet Frame Format 256
|
| 15.4
| Ethernet Type Field And Demultiplexing 256
|
| 15.5
| IEEE's Version Of Ethernet (802.3) 257
|
| 15.6
| LAN Connections And Network Interface Cards 258
|
| 15.7
| Ethernet Evolution And Thicknet Wiring 258
|
| 15.8
| Thinnet Ethernet Wiring 259
|
| 15.9
| Twisted Pair Ethernet Wiring And Hubs 260
|
| 15.10
| Physical And Logical Ethernet Topology 261
|
| 15.11
| Wiring In An Office Building 261
|
| 15.12
| Variants Of Twisted Pair Ethernet And Speeds 263
|
| 15.13
| Twisted Pair Connectors And Cables 263
|
| 15.14
| Summary 264
|
| Exercises 265
|
| 16.1
| Introduction 267
|
| 16.2
| A Taxonomy Of Wireless Networks 267
|
| 16.3
| Personal Area Networks (PANs) 268
|
| 16.4
| ISM Wireless Bands Used By LANs And PANs 269
|
| 16.5
| Wireless LAN Technologies And Wi-Fi 269
|
| 16.6
| Spread Spectrum Techniques 270
|
| 16.7
| Other Wireless LAN Standards 271
|
| 16.8
| Wireless LAN Architecture 272
|
| 16.9
| Overlap, Association, And 802.11 Frame Format 273
|
| 16.10
| Coordination Among Access Points 274
|
| 16.11
| Contention And Contention-Free Access 274
|
| 16.12
| Wireless MAN Technology and WiMax 276
|
| 16.13
| PAN Technologies And Standards 278
|
| 16.14
| Other Short-Distance Communication Technologies 279
|
| 16.15
| Wireless WAN Technologies 280
|
|
| 16.15.1
| Cellular Communication Systems 280
|
| 16.16
| Cell Clusters And Frequency Reuse 282
|
| 16.17
| Generations Of Cellular Technologies 283
|
| 16.18
| VSAT Satellite Technology 286
|
| 16.19
| GPS Satellites 287
|
| 16.20
| Software Radio And The Future Of Wireless 288
|
| 16.21
| Summary 289
|
| Exercises 290
|
| 18.1
| Introduction 305
|
| 18.2
| Large Spans And Wide Area Networks 305
|
| 18.3
| Traditional WAN Architecture 306
|
| 18.4
| Forming A WAN 308
|
| 18.5
| Store And Forward Paradigm 309
|
| 18.6
| Addressing In A WAN 309
|
| 18.7
| Next-Hop Forwarding 310
|
| 18.8
| Source Independence 313
|
| 18.9
| Dynamic Routing Updates In A WAN 313
|
| 18.10
| Default Routes 314
|
| 18.11
| Forwarding Table Computation 315
|
| 18.12
| Distributed Route Computation 316
|
|
| 18.12.1
| Link-State Routing (LSR) 316
|
|
| 18.12.2
| Distance Vector Routing (DVR) 318
|
| 18.13
| Shortest Path Computation In A Graph 320
|
| 18.14
| Routing Problems 321
|
| 18.15
| Summary 322
|
| Exercises 323
|
| 19.1
| Introduction 325
|
| 19.2
| Connection And Access Technologies 325
|
|
| 19.2.1
| Synchronous Optical Network or Digital Hierarchy (SONET/SDH) 326
|
|
| 19.2.2
| Optical Carrier (OC) 326
|
|
| 19.2.3
| Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) And Cable Modems 326
|
|
| 19.2.4
| WiMAX And Wi-Fi 326
|
|
| 19.2.5
| Very Small Aperture Satellite (VSAT) 327
|
|
| 19.2.6
| Power Line Communication (PLC) 327
|
| 19.3
| LAN Technologies 327
|
|
| 19.3.1
| IBM Token Ring 327
|
|
| 19.3.2
| Fiber And Copper Distributed Data Interconnect (FDDI And CDDI) 327
|
|
| 19.3.3
| Ethernet 328
|
| 19.4
| WAN Technologies 328
|
|
| 19.4.1
| ARPANET 328
|
|
| 19.4.2
| X.25 329
|
|
| 19.4.3
| Frame Relay 329
|
|
| 19.4.4
| Switched Multi-megabit Data Service (SMDS) 330
|
|
| 19.4.5
| Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 330
|
|
| 19.4.6
| Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) 331
|
|
| 19.4.7
| Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 331
|
| 19.5
| Summary 331
|
| Exercises 331
|
| 20.1
| Introduction 335
|
| 20.2
| The Motivation For Internetworking 335
|
| 20.3
| The Concept Of Universal Service 336
|
| 20.4
| Universal Service In A Heterogeneous World 336
|
| 20.5
| Internetworking 337
|
| 20.6
| Physical Network Connection With Routers 337
|
| 20.7
| Internet Architecture 338
|
| 20.8
| Achieving Universal Service 339
|
| 20.9
| A Virtual Network 339
|
| 20.10
| Protocols For Internetworking 341
|
| 20.11
| Review Of TCP/IP Layering 341
|
| 20.12
| Host Computers, Routers, And Protocol Layers 342
|
| 20.13
| Summary 342
|
| Exercises 343
|
| 21.1
| Introduction 345
|
| 21.2
| Addresses For The Virtual Internet 345
|
| 21.3
| The IP Addressing Scheme 346
|
| 21.4
| The IP Address Hierarchy 346
|
| 21.5
| Original Classes Of IP Addresses 347
|
| 21.6
| Dotted Decimal Notation 348
|
| 21.7
| Division Of The Address Space 349
|
| 21.8
| Authority For Addresses 350
|
| 21.9
| Subnet And Classless Addressing 350
|
| 21.10
| Address Masks 352
|
| 21.11
| CIDR Notation 353
|
| 21.12
| A CIDR Example 353
|
| 21.13
| CIDR Host Addresses 355
|
| 21.14
| Special IP Addresses 356
|
|
| 21.14.1
| Network Address 356
|
|
| 21.14.2
| Directed Broadcast Address 356
|
|
| 21.14.3
| Limited Broadcast Address 357
|
|
| 21.14.4
| This Computer Address 357
|
|
| 21.14.5
| Loopback Address 357
|
| 21.15
| Summary Of Special IP Addresses 358
|
| 21.16
| The Berkeley Broadcast Address Form 358
|
| 21.17
| Routers And The IP Addressing Principle 359
|
| 21.18
| Multi-Homed Hosts 360
|
| 21.19
| Summary 360
|
| Exercises 361
|
| 22.1
| Introduction 363
|
| 22.2
| Connectionless Service 363
|
| 22.3
| Virtual Packets 364
|
| 22.4
| The IP Datagram 364
|
| 22.5
| The IP Datagram Header Format 365
|
| 22.6
| Forwarding An IP Datagram 367
|
| 22.7
| Network Prefix Extraction And Datagram Forwarding 368
|
| 22.8
| Longest Prefix Match 369
|
| 22.9
| Destination Address And Next-Hop Address 369
|
| 22.10
| Best-Effort Delivery 370
|
| 22.11
| IP Encapsulation 370
|
| 22.12
| Transmission Across An Internet 371
|
| 22.13
| MTU And Datagram Fragmentation 373
|
| 22.14
| Reassembly Of A Datagram From Fragments 374
|
| 22.15
| Collecting The Fragments Of A Datagram 375
|
| 22.16
| The Consequence Of Fragment Loss 376
|
| 22.17
| Fragmenting A Fragment 376
|
| 22.18
| Summary 377
|
| Exercises 377
|
| 23.1
| Introduction 381
|
| 23.2
| Address Resolution 381
|
| 23.3
| The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 383
|
| 23.4
| ARP Message Format 384
|
| 23.5
| ARP Encapsulation 385
|
| 23.6
| ARP Caching And Message Processing 386
|
| 23.7
| The Conceptual Address Boundary 388
|
| 23.8
| Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 389
|
| 23.9
| ICMP Message Format And Encapsulation 391
|
| 23.10
| Protocol Software, Parameters, And Configuration 391
|
| 23.11
| Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) 392
|
| 23.12
| DHCP Protocol Operation And Optimizations 394
|
| 23.13
| DHCP Message Format 394
|
| 23.14
| Indirect DHCP Server Access Through A Relay 395
|
| 23.15
| Network Address Translation (NAT) 396
|
| 23.16
| NAT Operation And Private Addresses 397
|
| 23.17
| Transport-Layer NAT (NAPT) 399
|
| 23.18
| NAT And Servers 400
|
| 23.19
| NAT Software And Systems For Use At Home 400
|
| 23.20
| Summary 401
|
| For Further Study 401
|
| Exercises 402
|
| 24.1
| Introduction 405
|
| 24.2
| The Success Of IP 405
|
| 24.3
| The Motivation For Change 406
|
| 24.4
| The Hourglass Model And Difficulty Of Change 407
|
| 24.5
| A Name And A Version Number 408
|
| 24.6
| IPv6 Features 408
|
| 24.7
| IPv6 Datagram Format 409
|
| 24.8
| IPv6 Base Header Format 410
|
| 24.9
| Implicit And Explicit Header Size 411
|
| 24.10
| Fragmentation, Reassembly, And Path MTU 412
|
| 24.11
| The Purpose Of Multiple Headers 413
|
| 24.12
| IPv6 Addressing 414
|
| 24.13
| IPv6 Colon Hexadecimal Notation 415
|
| 24.14
| Summary 416
|
| Exercises 417
|
| 26.1
| Introduction 429
|
| 26.2
| The Transmission Control Protocol 429
|
| 26.3
| The Service TCP Provides To Applications 430
|
| 26.4
| End-To-End Service And Virtual Connections 431
|
| 26.5
| Techniques That Transport Protocols Use 432
|
|
| 26.5.1
| Sequencing To Handle Duplicates And Out-Of-Order Delivery 432
|
|
| 26.5.2
| Retransmission To Handle Lost Packets 433
|
|
| 26.5.3
| Techniques To Avoid Replay 433
|
|
| 26.5.4
| Flow Control To Prevent Data Overrun 434
|
| 26.6
| Techniques To Avoid Congestion 436
|
| 26.7
| The Art Of Protocol Design 437
|
| 26.8
| Techniques Used In TCP To Handle Packet Loss 438
|
| 26.9
| Adaptive Retransmission 439
|
| 26.10
| Comparison Of Retransmission Times 440
|
| 26.11
| Buffers, Flow Control, And Windows 441
|
| 26.12
| TCP's Three-Way Handshake 442
|
| 26.13
| TCP Congestion Control 443
|
| 26.14
| TCP Segment Format 444
|
| 26.15
| Summary 446
|
| Exercises 446
|
| 27.1
| Introduction 449
|
| 27.2
| Static Vs. Dynamic Routing 449
|
| 27.3
| Static Routing In Hosts And A Default Route 450
|
| 27.4
| Dynamic Routing And Routers 451
|
| 27.5
| Routing In The Global Internet 452
|
| 27.6
| Autonomous System Concept 453
|
| 27.7
| The Two Types Of Internet Routing Protocols 453
|
|
| 27.7.1
| Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) 453
|
|
| 27.7.2
| Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGPs) 454
|
|
| 27.7.3
| Illustration Of How IGPs And EGPs Are Used 454
|
|
| 27.7.4
| Optimal Routes, Routing Metrics, and IGPs 455
|
| 27.8
| Routes And Data Traffic 456
|
| 27.9
| The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) 456
|
| 27.10
| The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) 458
|
| 27.11
| RIP Packet Format 459
|
| 27.12
| The Open Shortest Path First Protocol (OSPF) 460
|
| 27.13
| An Example OSPF Graph 461
|
| 27.14
| OSPF Areas 461
|
| 27.15
| Intermediate System - Intermediate System (IS-IS) 462
|
| 27.16
| Multicast Routing 463
|
|
| 27.16.1
| IP Multicast Semantics 463
|
|
| 27.16.2
| IGMP 464
|
|
| 27.16.3
| Forwarding And Discovery Techniques 464
|
|
| 27.16.4
| Multicast Protocols 465
|
| 27.17
| Summary 467
|
| Exercises 467
|
| 28.1
| Introduction 471
|
| 28.2
| Measures Of Performance 471
|
| 28.3
| Latency Or Delay 472
|
| 28.4
| Throughput, Capacity, And Goodput 474
|
| 28.5
| Understanding Throughput And Delay 475
|
| 28.6
| Jitter 476
|
| 28.7
| The Relationship Between Delay And Throughput 477
|
|
| 28.7.1
| Utilization As An Estimate Of Delay 477
|
|
| 28.7.2
| Delay-Throughput Product 478
|
| 28.8
| Measuring Delay, Throughput, And Jitter 478
|
| 28.9
| Passive Measurement, Small Packets, And NetFlow 480
|
| 28.10
| Quality Of Service (QoS) 481
|
| 28.11
| Fine-Grain And Coarse-Grain QoS 482
|
|
| 28.11.1
| Fine-Grain QoS And Flows 482
|
|
| 28.11.2
| Coarse-Grain QoS And Classes Of Service 484
|
| 28.12
| Implementation Of QoS 484
|
| 28.13
| Internet QoS Technologies 486
|
| 28.14
| Summary 487
|
| Exercises 488
|
| 29.1
| Introduction 491
|
| 29.2
| Real-Time Data Transmission And Best Effort Delivery 491
|
| 29.3
| Delayed Playback And Jitter Buffers 492
|
| 29.4
| Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) 493
|
| 29.5
| RTP Encapsulation 494
|
| 29.6
| IP Telephony 495
|
| 29.7
| Signaling And VoIP Signaling Standards 496
|
| 29.8
| Components Of An IP Telephone System 497
|
|
| 29.8.1
| SIP Terminology And Concepts 498
|
|
| 29.8.2
| H.323 Terminology And Concepts 499
|
|
| 29.8.3
| ISC Terminology And Concepts 499
|
| 29.9
| Summary Of Protocols And Layering 500
|
| 29.10
| H.323 Characteristics 501
|
| 29.11
| H.323 Layering 501
|
| 29.12
| SIP Characteristics And Methods 502
|
| 29.13
| An Example SIP Session 503
|
| 29.14
| Telephone Number Mapping And Routing 504
|
| 29.15
| Summary 505
|
| For Further Study 505
|
| Exercises 506
|
| 30.1
| Introduction 509
|
| 30.2
| Criminal Exploits And Attacks 509
|
| 30.3
| Security Policy 513
|
| 30.4
| Responsibility And Control 514
|
| 30.5
| Security Technologies 515
|
| 30.6
| Hashing: An Integrity And Authentication Mechanism 515
|
| 30.7
| Access Control And Passwords 516
|
| 30.8
| Encryption: A Fundamental Security Technique 516
|
| 30.9
| Private Key Encryption 517
|
| 30.10
| Public Key Encryption 517
|
| 30.11
| Authentication With Digital Signatures 518
|
| 30.12
| Key Authorities And Digital Certificates 519
|
| 30.13
| Firewalls 521
|
| 30.14
| Firewall Implementation With A Packet Filter 522
|
| 30.15
| Intrusion Detection Systems 524
|
| 30.16
| Content Scanning And Deep Packet Inspection 524
|
| 30.17
| Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) 525
|
| 30.18
| The Use of VPN Technology For Telecommuting 527
|
| 30.19
| Packet Encryption Vs. Tunneling 528
|
| 30.20
| Security Technologies 530
|
| 30.21
| Summary 531
|
| Exercises 532
|
| 31.1
| Introduction 535
|
| 31.2
| Managing An Intranet 535
|
| 31.3
| FCAPS: The Industry Standard Model 536
|
| 31.4
| Example Network Elements 538
|
| 31.5
| Network Management Tools 539
|
| 31.6
| Network Management Applications 540
|
| 31.7
| Simple Network Management Protocol 541
|
| 31.8
| SNMP's Fetch-Store Paradigm 542
|
| 31.9
| The SNMP MIB And Object Names 542
|
| 31.10
| The Variety Of MIB Variables 543
|
| 31.11
| MIB Variables That Correspond To Arrays 543
|
| 31.12
| Summary 544
|
| Exercises 545
|
| 32.1
| Introduction 547
|
| 32.2
| The Need For Scalable Internet Services 547
|
| 32.3
| Content Caching (Akamai) 548
|
| 32.4
| Web Load Balancers 548
|
| 32.5
| Server Virtualization 549
|
| 32.6
| Peer-To-Peer Communication 549
|
| 32.7
| Distributed Data Centers And Replication 550
|
| 32.8
| Universal Representation (XML) 550
|
| 32.9
| Social Networking 551
|
| 32.10
| Mobility And Wireless Networking 551
|
| 32.11
| Digital Video 551
|
| 32.12
| Multicast Delivery 552
|
| 32.13
| Higher-Speed Access And Switching 552
|
| 32.14
| Optical Switching 552
|
| 32.15
| Use Of Networking In Business 553
|
| 32.16
| Sensors At Large And In The Home 553
|
| 32.17
| Ad Hoc Networks 553
|
| 32.18
| Multi-Core CPUs And Network Processors 554
|
| 32.19
| IPv6 554
|
| 32.20
| Summary 554
|
| Exercises 555
|