List of Topics: Motivations: Load normalization Fault tolerance Replication Additional concurrency Enhanced security Cost-per-unit for expansion Structure and Definitions: Tightly-coupled vs. loosely-coupled server-based systems centralized vs. distributed control heterogeneity object-oriented structuring layered approaches Connection & Communication: OS facilities The OSI model topology communication speed, reliability, protocols RPC & message duality existing technology Naming and Location: global naming mobility hints, servers, late binding multilevel & symbolic addressing Timing & Synchronization: Lamport clocks global ordering n-phase locking timestamp transactions deadlocks, detection and avoidance Programming Support: Programming language constructs Special algorithms Software tools & techniques Transactions and Consistency: failure atomicity view atomicity & serializability distributed commit algorithms nested transactions shadowing version control voting schemes failure modes Reliability & Availability: stable storage distributed checkpointing replicated copy control network partitions resolution protocols forward progress & "safety" partitions, failures & resolution Security: encryption secure channels covert channels capabilities byzantine failures containment Case Studies: Amoeba Argus Clouds Cosmos Domain Eden/Emerald Hydra Locus Mach/Camelot R* RAID Sprite V 1989.01